340 



LEPIDOPTERA 



CHAP. 



the way of improvement of classification. The progress made 

 has been limited to a better comprehension and definition of the 

 families. The nervuration of the wings is the character most 

 in vogue for this purpose. As regards the larger groups, and 

 Phylogeny, there is a general opinion prevalent to the effect that 

 Micropterygidae, Eriocephalidae and Hepialidae are in a com- 

 paratively primitive condition, but as to the relations of these 

 families one with the other, or with other Lepidoptera, there is a 

 wide difference of opinion. 



The primary divisions of the family most often met with in 

 literature are : either Ehopalocera ( = butterflies^ and Hetero- 



FlG. 176. Clubs of butterflies' 

 antennae. Terminal portions 

 of antenna of, 1, Pier is bras- 



siaif ; '_', >'///.! infernalis ; 3, 

 Hetstiu ill en (sub-family Dan- 

 aicle.s) ; 4, Eudamus proteus, 

 ami 5, Lii/HH-lini-i'x tinnnas 

 (Hesperiidae). (Alter Bchatz 

 and Sc mliler.) 



cera ( = moths.) ; or Macrolepidoptera and Microlepidoptera ; 

 the Macrolepidoptera including the butterflies and large moths, 

 the Microlepidoptera being limited to the families Tineidae 

 (now itself in process of division into numerous families) and 

 Tortricidae ; some entomologists including also Pvr;ilidac, Ptero- 

 phoridae and Orneodidae in Microlepidoptera. The division of all 

 Lepidoptera into two series is merely a temporary device necessi- 

 tated by imperfect acquaintance with morphology. The division 

 into Macro- and Micro- lepidoptera is entirely uuscu'iitilir. 



Series 1. Rhopalocera or Butterflies. Antennae knobbed at the tip or 

 thickened a little before the tip, without pectinations, projecting 

 processes, or conspicuous arrangements of cilia. Hind wings with- 

 out a frenulum, but with the costal nervure strongly curved at the 

 base (Fig. 161, II, B). 



Series II. 7/r/rrwrm or Cloths. Antennae various in form, only rarely 

 knobbed at the tip, and in such cases a frenulum present. In the 

 large majority a riviiulimi is present, and the costal nervure of the 

 hind-wing is either but little a relied at the base (as in Fig. KM. 

 I, B) or it, has a large area between it and the front margin; 

 but in certain families the hind wing is formed much as in 

 Rhopalocera. 



