Feb., '09] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 65 



of about 7000 ft. In the middle of July, 1907, many of these 

 stunted and bent little conifers were still standing in two or 

 three feet of snow, while on the south exposure of the same 

 ridges one finds himself in barren or chaparral portions of the 

 Canadian. 



Although plants characterize the zones better perhaps than 

 do insects, yet a number of butterflies and some moths seemed 

 quite restricted as regards their range. The Transition zone 

 which contained the largest number of species was found to be 

 characterized in its lower portion by Melitaea chalcedon and 

 leanira. Cartcrocephalus palaemon, Pamphila agricola, pratin- 

 cola, vestris and comma seemed strict residents of the Lower 

 Transition, with Anosia plcxippus, Argynnis serene and mon- 

 ticola, Hcterochroa bredowi, Thecla nelsoni, Chrysophanus gor- 

 gon and Papilio rutulus seldom out of it. Papilio daunus by 

 the way, always kept to the valley. Among the moths of the 

 Lower Transition were Pholus achemon, Phlegathontius 

 quinqucuiaciilata (celeus), Sphinx oreodaphne and sequoiae, 

 Telea polyphemus, Saturnia mendocino, Sesia mellinipennis, 

 rutilans and bchrensii. 



The "sooty gossamer-wing" (Satyriuni fuliginosa} was con- 

 fined to the chaparral growth of the Upper Transition. 



Melitaea hoffmani, Chrysophanus zeroe and mariposa, a 

 Lycacna allied to behrii, and Lycaena podarce were not ob- 

 served outside of the Canadian zone. L podarce, always found 

 in the meadows, is a very good criterion of this life area. 



The very limited Hudsonian had no butterflies peculiar to it, 

 though Chionobas nevadcnsis was more common there than 

 elsewhere. 



A large number of species of butterflies and moths can be 

 found from the Lower Transition into the Canadian, but these 

 are usually more common in some particular portion of one 

 zone. 



A difficulty which the entomologist is apt to encounter in 

 tracing out the zonal ranges of certain insects, if his hunting 

 grounds are in a mountainous country and he arrive there in 



