March, '09! ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 103 



all insects, though obscured in a few cases through the greater 

 development of secondary characters. In the higher insects 

 the notum becomes subdivided by secondary lines or actual 

 sutures into a prescutum, scutum and scutellum. These sub- 

 divisions are not necessarily coincident with the lines of the 

 ventral ridges and are not homologous in all the orders where 

 they occur. 



The pseudonotum (PN) lies behind the notum (N), is free 

 from the wings, connects with the epimera laterally, and bears 

 the postphragma (Pph). When the notum presents a prescu- 

 tum, scutum and scutellum, the pseudonotum may conveniently 

 be called the "postscutellum." 



REFERENCES. 



1820. CHABRIER, J. Essai sur le vol des insectes Mem du 

 Mus, d'Hist. Nat., VI, 1820, pp. 410-472, pis. 18-21. 



1824. AUDOUIN, V. Recherches anatomique sur le thorax 

 des animaux articules et celui des insectes hexapodes en 

 particulier. Ann. Sci. Nat., I, 1824, pp. 97-135, 416-432, 

 pi. 8 (illustrating the thorax of Dytiscus circumflex us.) 



1826. KIRBY, W. and SPENCE, W. An introduction to ento- 

 mology, Vol. Ill, London, 1826. 



1828. STRAUS-DURCKHEIM, H. Considerationes generates 

 sur ranatomie comparee des animaux articules, 435 pp., 

 19 pis. Royal Institute of France, 1828. (Detailed de- 

 scription of Melolontha vulgaris.) 



1832. BURNMEISTEB, H. Handbuch der Entomologie, Vol. 

 I, Berlin, 1832. 



1839. NEWPORT, G. Insecta. Todd's Cyclopaedia of Anat- 

 omy and Physiology, Vol. II, pp. 853-994, figs. 329-439. 

 London, 1839. 



1885. AMANS, P. C. Comparisons des organes du vol dans 

 la serie animale. Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. Ser. 6, XIX, 

 1885, pp. 9-222, pis. I-VIII. 



1889. KOLBE, H. J. Einfiihrung in die Kenntnis der Insek- 

 ten. Berlin, 1889. 



1903. VERHOEFF, K. W. Beitrage zur vergleichcnden Mor- 

 phologic des Thorax der Insekten mit Beriicksichtigung 

 der Chilopoden. Nova Acta. Abh. der Kaiserl. Leop. 

 Carol. Deutschen Akad. der Naturf., Ixxxi, 1903, pp. 

 63-109, pis. VII-XIII. 



