Dec., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 473 



of every conceivable kind, and it necessarily follows that flies 

 bred by millions ; they swarmed everywhere. Window screens 

 were unknown or only within the reach of the rich. We need 

 not wonder that 68,000 men, women and children paid the 

 death penalty for the frightful conditions which must have 

 prevailed at that time. But we have before us an example 

 more recent than the one just mentioned in testimony against 

 the fly. I refer to the frightful rate of mortality which pre- 

 vailed among our soldiers at Chickamauga. There is not the 

 least doubt now in the minds of persons who have studied the 

 question, that the terrible typhoid scourge which occurred 

 there, is directly traceable to flies, these insects flying from 

 the open latrans or closets, to alight upon the very food which 

 was being eaten by the men at mess. It is revolting to think 

 upon, but it is nevertheless true. 



And we are convinced that if the effects of the house fly and 

 its near relations upon the destiny of man, could be shown at 

 a glance to the people at large, the world would stand ap- 

 palled by the vision and the elimination of the house fly would 

 follow as a matter of course. 



Additional Notes on the Life History of 

 Culex perturbans. 



By JOHN A. GROSSBECK. 



(Plate XXIII) 



In the January number of this journal, page 22, the discovery 

 of the larva of Culex perturbans in nature is reported by Pro- 

 fessor J. B. Smith and in the report of the New Jersey Ex- 

 periment Station for 1907 the life history as far as then known 

 is given by the present writer in some detail. The method of 

 egg laying and the habits of the larva were worked out, but 

 on account of the hibernation of the latter the pupa remained 

 unknown. It was with some interest therefore that the ap- 

 proach of spring was awaited and early in March the first 

 perturbans hunt was made at Trenton, N. J., not for the pur- 

 pose of securing pupa? but to gather in a host of larvae that 



