Vol. xxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 275 



Sugar Pine (P. lambertiana), Libocedrus decurrens, and Juni- 

 perus occidentals also occur in some numbers, being, however, 

 not so generally distributed. Among the shrubs, a maple 

 (Acer glabrum), and an oak (Quercus vaccinifolia ) , are char- 

 acteristic. In the open grassy places flowers of all sorts grow 

 in profusion, and willows and poplars are common along the 

 streams. The great majority of butterflies occurring in this 

 region are, of course, most common in the Canadian zone, but 

 the following may be mentioned as peculiar to it: Argynnis 

 monticola, Vanessa antiopa, Thecla saepium, Lycaena anna, 

 and all the Chrysophanids. 



The Hudsonian zone, characterized by the Alpine Hemlock 

 (Tsnga cmrtcnsiana} , and the White-barked Pine (Finns albi- 

 caulis), is more open and rocky, and extends to the timber line. 

 Pinus monticola, Juniperns occidentalis and Abies magnifica 

 reach into this zone. There are many lakes at this elevation, 

 and open hillsides solidly in bloom by August. Although large 

 numbers of butterflies frequent this zone, few are typical. Par- 

 nassius behrii breeds here and is rarely seen below. Papilio 

 indra also appears to breed exclusively at this elevation, though 

 the males are often seen in the Canadian zone. Chionobas 

 ivallda is practically never seen in the lower zone, and Lycaena 

 cnoptcs is commonest in the Hudsonian. 



The Alpine zone is scarcely represented, as the peaks are not 

 high enough to form typical Alpine "islands." Vegetation at 

 this altitude is confined to low shrubs and hardy plants, and the 

 snow lies most of the summer in sheltered spots. The butter- 

 fly life of the high summits is always interesting. Large num- 

 bers of butterflies, probably brought from lower levels by wind 

 currents, gather about the highest rocks, flying in processions 

 back and forth, and up and down, occasionally stopping to 

 sun themselves in sheltered spots. The commonest species 

 here are Papilio solicaon, P. indra, Pieris sisymbri, P. occiden- 

 talis, Argynnis egleis, Grapta sephyrus, Vanessa milberti, Saty- 

 rns charon, and Chionobas irallda. Some of these, such as 

 P. zolicaon, P. indra and Ch. ivallda breed above 9000 feet ele- 

 vation. 



