OF WASHINGTON, VOLUME XV, 1913 113 



Lest I be accused of ignorance of the literature, I must state that 

 I have examined a paper by Galli-Valerio in which that author 

 claims to have found oocysts of the malaria parasites in the stom- 

 ach-walls of a specimen of Anopheles boliviensis. 1 I am unable to 

 accept Galli-Valerio's determination. The specimens were brought 

 to him from the State of Parana. by a friend and were in very bad 

 condition ("qui malheureusement etaient dans mauvais etat de 

 conservation"). Even a very close student of American mosqui- 

 toes might hesitate to positively identify such specimens, and I 

 am not aware that Galli-Valerio had previously given any atten- 

 tion to American mosquitoes! Dr. Arthur Neiva has rejected 

 Galli-Valerio's results on other grounds: "For the cysts found by 

 Galli-Valerio in mosquitoes preserved in alcohol, which had been 

 sent to him from Parana, can hardly be looked upon as evidence, 

 because under the circumstances it would be hardly possible to 

 distinguish be' ween hasmatozoans originating from man or from 

 birds." 2 



As to my statements concerning the association of Anophe'es 

 albimanus with man, it may be that I have been too positive. But 

 the available observations, and new ones have come to hand since 

 my papers were written, seem to show that my contention has 

 foundation in fact. Naturally the association is not an intimate 

 one, such as it is in the case of Aedes calopus and Culex quinque- 

 fasciatus, and this I indicated in the beginning. The reason is 

 obvious enough in the long period during which the malarial para- 

 sites are present in the human circulation. We now know that 

 Anopheles albimanus will fly long distances from breeding-places 

 to obtain blood and fly back again to lay eggs, just as do certain 

 species in India which are known to hold a similar relation there. 

 Reqently veritable migrations of this nature have been observed. 3 

 In them the Anopheles albimanus were not carried involuntarily 

 by the wind, but were governed in their movements by the food 

 supply for the adults and by the available breeding facilities. Fi- 

 nally there would seem to be a variation in the ratio of A nopheles 

 albimanus to other species of Anopheles, according to the size of the 

 settlements (within certain limits!) and the consequent available 



1 Notes de parasitologie. Sur la presence d'oocystes chez Anopheles 

 Lutzi, Theobald. Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. etc., 1 Abt., Orig., vol. 35, p. 85, 

 1904. 



2 Contribuigao para o estudo dos dipteros. Observances sobre a biologia 

 e systematica das anofclinas brazileiras e suas relac.aos com o impaludismo. 

 Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Dipteren. Beobachtungen iiber die Biologic und 

 Systematik der brasilianischen Anophelincn und dercn Beziehungen mit 

 der Malaria. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, vol. 1, fasc. 1, 

 p. 76, 1909. 



3 Kept. Dept. Sanitation, Isthmian Canal Cornrn., for January, 1913, p. 

 43-46. 



