136 



THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 



(2.) First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as loug as second or third ; bill, 

 stout and conical ; nostrils, high near the culmeu ; primaries, 9 ; tarsus, flattened behind. 



s, 424 



Top of bill. Side of bill. 



Family FRINGILLID/E. Sparrows, Finches, Buntings, etc. 



See page 226. 



First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as loug 

 as third, and often nearly the same length; bill, slender and 

 pointed ; back of tarsus, thin and sharp, not rounded as in front; 

 hind toe and claw, not longer than middle toe and claw. 



498 



522 525 528 



Family MN1OTILT1D/G. Warblers. 



See page 275. 



GROUP 3. 



Birds having wings measuring from 2.75 to 3.25 



inches long.* 



Section 1. First primary less than half as long as third. 



Part 1. A small but distinct hook or notch at tip of upper mandible. 



Bill, very slightly hooked; primaries, 

 10, the first often very short ; toes, joined 

 together at base. Plain colored birds, 

 usually greenish or grayish, but often show 

 a faint wash of yellow on underparts ; tail, 

 always without white spots. 



Family V1REONID/E. Vireos. 



See page 271. 



* For directions for measurement, see page viii. 



