94 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. XII. 



sticks — sogwiig — are stuck into the ground with their points directed 

 toward the enemy. These must be carefully gathered up by the 

 pursuers, who otherwise run the risk of having the knife-like blades 

 driven into their feet. Old warriors state that in former years they 

 not only covered the upper part of the body with hemp cloth but wound 

 over this long decorated strips called gindua; they also tell of coats of 

 mail made of carabao horn or rattan. None of these outfits exist in the 

 territory today, but it is not at all improbable that they were formerly 

 in use, for the long decorated bands are still found among the Bukidnon 

 of the North, with whom some trade is carried on; and a few coats of 

 mail are to be seen among the neighboring Moro. 



Hostile raids against the neighboring Bila-an, Tagakaolo, and Ata 

 seem to have been common from the most ancient times. After the 

 arrival of the Spaniards there were many minor conflicts with the Moro, 

 and the tribal history takes note of Several serious feuds between Bagobo 

 villages. Single warriors, usually those desiring to become magam, 

 sometimes enter hostile territory and there lie in w T ait for an opportunity 

 to spear a passing foe. The fact that these attacks are frequently 

 from ambush, or that whole families are slain while asleep on the 

 floors of their houses, does not seem to detract in the least from the 

 honor due for the deed. Generally, parties of sixty or more, under the 

 direction of a magam, are made up to avenge the death of their towns- 

 people, to secure loot and slaves, or to win glory and distinction. An 

 .ambush is formed near to a hostile village and just at dawn an attack 

 is made on the early risers who are scattered and unprepared. The 

 invaders are usually satisfied with a few victims and then make their 

 escape. Women and children are either killed or are carried away as 

 slaves. It is customary for all the warriors to make at least one cut in 

 the bodies, and to eat a portion of the livers of enemies who have 

 shown great bravery, for in this way it is thought they gain in that 

 quality. This seems to be the only occasion when human flesh is tasted, 

 despite the fact that the members of this tribe have been frequently 

 referred to as cannibals. 



The warriors of Cibolan and Malilla formerly carried heads of 

 enemies to their towns and made use of them during the GinEm cere- 

 mony, while at Bansalan and Digos a lock of hair, cut from the head of 

 the slain, answered the same purpose. Individual raiders sometimes 

 carry home a head or a hand as evidence of a successful fight, and at 

 such times festivals may be held to celebrate the event. However, the 

 trophy soon loses its value and is hung or buried at a distance from the 



