152 Field Museum of Naturae History— Anth., Voe. XII. 



neighbors, and this is true also of most of the clothing, although one 

 special type will be mentioned later on. 



As a result of their slave raids, and the adoption of captive women 

 and their offspring into the family, we find great variation in the mem- 

 bers of the tribe (Plates LXI-LXII). 



Measurements on twenty-seven men gave the following results: 



Height: — Maximum 169.0 cm.; minimum 146.0 cm.; average 

 158.3 cm. 



Cephalic Index: — Maximum 86.4; minimum 71.7; average 78.1. 



Length-Height Index: — Maximum 76.5; minimum 61.9; average 

 68.4. 



If these figures are compared with those of the Bagobo it will be seen 

 that there is little difference in the averages; however, this similarity 

 is less real than the figures indicate, for with the Kulaman there are 

 more individuals at both extremes. For example: the cephalic indices 

 of eight out of the twenty-seven were 80 or above, while six were less 

 than 75; again, in the length-height indices six were above 70 and an 

 equal number less than 65. In other respects there is such variation 

 that it is hard to generalize. It is noticeable that there is a greater 

 tendency toward prognathism than we have heretofore met with; the 

 forehead, while high, is moderately retreating and the supra-orbital 

 ridges prominent in most individuals; the hair is brown-black and is 

 inclined to curl in locks. The wide variation of type within the tribe 

 is to be expected when we know that its members have been constantly 

 recruited from the neighboring tribes. It is even possible that a con- 

 siderable number of slave women from distant islands may have been 

 added to the group by purchase from the Moro. 1 



The religious beliefs have many points in common with those of the 

 neighboring tribes, but there are some which require special notice. 



Two powerful beings, TimanEm and his wife Diwata 2 are above all 

 other spirits. 



Mandalangan, also called Siling or Manobo Siring, is much like the 

 Bagobo divinity of similar name. He is fond of war and bloodshed and 

 when there has been a great slaughter he feasts on the flesh and drinks 

 of the blood of the slain. Only warriors can address him and make the 

 offerings of red food which he demands. Once a year, usually after 



1 According to early writers, the Moro of the Gulf carried on a lucrative slave 

 trade with this and other tribes. As the Moro raids were made by water and often 

 reached as far as the Northeastern coast of this island and south to the Celebes it 

 is quite possible that these remote districts have helped in the upbuilding of the 

 tribe under discussion. 



2 The Padada people say the term diwata is a name which may be applied to the 

 timanEm, of whom there are two, a male and a female. 



