THE EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS 



89 



specialized example of this type of stridulating organ is possessed by 

 the larvae of Passalus, in which the legs of the third pair are so much 



shortened that the 

 larvae appear to 

 have only four legs; 

 each hind leg is a 

 paw-like structure 

 fitted for rasping 

 the file (Fig. 101). 

 No satisfactory 

 explanation of the 

 advantage to these 

 larvae of the posses- 

 sion of stridulating 

 organs has been 

 offered ; we can 

 only say that the 

 sound produced by 

 them is obviously 

 not a sexual call. 



Fig. 101. Stridulating organ of a larva of Passalus; 

 a, b, portions of the metathorax; c, coxa of the 

 second leg; d, file; e, basal part of femur of middle 

 leg; /, hairs with chitinous process at base of each; 

 g, the diminutive third leg modified for scratching 

 the file (From Sharp). 



d. THE MUSICAL 

 ORGANS OF A CICADA 



With the cica- 

 das there exists a 

 type of stridulating 

 organ peculiar to 



them, and one that is the most complicated organ of sound 

 found in the animal kingdom. Yet, while the cicadas are the 

 most noisy of the insect world, the results obtained by their com- 

 plicated musical apparatus are not comparable with those pro- 

 duced by the comparatively simple vocal organs of birds and of 

 man. 



It is said that in some species of Cicada both sexes stridulate; but 

 as a rule the females are mute, possessing only vestiges of the musical 

 apparatus. 



The structure of the stridulating organs varies somewhat in 

 details in different species of Cicada; but those of Cicada plcbcia, 

 which were described and figured by Carlet ('77 ), may be taken as an 

 example of the more perfect form. In the male of this s] iccies t hrn 

 a pair of large 1 plates, on tin.' \vntral side of the body, that CXUMH! bark 



