32 EXPLANATION OF TERMS 



Costal area: the area behind costal vein; see also, costal field. 

 Costal cell: the area inclosed between the costal and sub-costal veins: in 

 the plural, Comstock, are all the cells anteriorly margined by the costa ; 

 in Hymenoptera (Norton), includes the ist, 2d and sub-costal; of Packard, 

 the 3d costal = 2d radial 1, and radial 2 : in Diptcra (Will.), it is the 2d 

 costal. 

 Costal field lOrthoptcra ; that region of the tegmina adjacent to the anterior 



margin or costa : = anterior field. 

 Costal fold: in the males of some Hesperidce, a membranous flap that may be 



opened to expose the androconia. 

 Costal margin: the anterior margin of a wing whether it is really costate or 



not. 

 Costal membrane: Hymenoptera; the surface of wing in front of costal vein. 

 Costal vein: Lcpidoptera; runs close to and parallel with the costal margin, 

 extending from base to the margin before the apex ; always simple and 

 often absent in the secondaries ; is vein 12 of the numerical series on pri- 

 maries ; vein 8 on secondaries: = subcosta (Comst.). 

 Costate: ribbed; marked with elevated thickened lines. 

 Costula: Hymenoptera; a small ridge separating the externo-median meta- 



thoracic area into two parts. 

 Costulatus: less prominently ribbed than costate. 



Cotyla: the articular pan; the cup or socket of a ball and socket joint. 

 Cotypes: are all the specimens before the describer when a species is named, 

 no single one being selected as the type : the type in such case equals the 

 sum of the cotypes : see paratype. 

 Coxa-ae: the basal segment of the leg, by means of which it is articulated to 



the body. 

 Coxal cavity: the opening or space in which the coxa articulates ; in Coleoptera 

 the cavity is open when the epimera do not extend to the sternum ; closed 

 or entire when the epimera reach the sternum or join medially as in Rhyn- 

 chophora ; the cavities are separated when the prosternum extends between 

 them, confluent when it does not: see acetabulum. 

 Coxal glands: eversible glandular structures at base of legs; well developed 



in some Thysanurans, modified variously in higher orders. 

 Coxal stylets: short, leg-like, jointed appendages on the underside of the 



abdominal segments in Thysanura. 

 Crag: the neck: = cervix. 

 Cranium: the head or skull except the neck; sometimes limited to the fixed 



parts above the clypeo-frontal suture. 

 Crassus: thick; tumid. 



Crateriform: like a shallow funnel or deep bowl. 

 Creber: closely set. 

 Cremaster: a stout spine, process or hooked area at the hind end of pupoe in 



Lcpidoptera. 

 Crenate: scalloped, with rounded teeth. 



Crenulate: with small scallops, evenly rounded and rather deeply curved. 

 Crepitation: a crackling sound or the production of such as by discharge of 

 vapor or "bombarding": a cracking or creaking. 



