ALLEN: DOGS OF THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES. 433 



distinguished l)y man\- minor characters (such as the broadh' con- 

 tinuous outer cingukun on m- and m^) from those of the Wolf and Dog. 

 Gidley (1913) has iUustrated more fully some of the distinguishing 

 tooth-characters of several cani^ds, including fox, wolf, and coyote, 

 and has grouped them into a key, from which it is seen that domestic 

 dogs and wolves are essentially alike in the cusp-characters and pro- 

 portions of their teeth, and differ from coyotes and foxes in a\erage 

 characters which though slight, are appreciable on direct comparison. 

 Miller (1912, p. 313) concludes that in a series of dog-skulls "repre- 

 senting such different breeds as the pug, fox-terrier, bloodhound, 

 mastiff, ancient Egyptian, ancient Peruvian, Eskimo (Greenland and 

 Alaska) and American Indian, the teeth are strictly of the Avolf type"; 

 and this assertion I can fully endorse from a study of these and other 

 breeds. Nevertheless, though the Wolf and the Domestic Dog are 

 closely related, it does not follow that the latter is directly derived 

 from the former, though even as lately as 1911, Trouessart has upheld 

 the view first put forth by Jeitteles (1877), that the Indian Wolf 

 {Cams pallipcs) might be the ultimate source of certain breeds of the 

 Dog. Studer (1906) suggests some large Dingo-like type as the lost 

 ancestor; while Noack (1907) supposes that the original stock may 

 have been identical with a small Chinese Wolf of which he possessed 

 two specimens from Tchili, regarded as like the Dingo in color. Xeh- 

 ring (1887) suggests that a small Japanese Wolf (C. japonicus) is the 

 living ancestor of the Japanese Street-dog. The Dingo itself is of 

 doubtful origin, and though probably a relatively recent arrival in 

 Australia, may have been brought at the time the Continent was first 

 peopled by man. Kreft't (1866) believes he has identified its "first 

 molar tooth. . . .with other fossil remains in the breccia of the Welling- 

 ton caves," while McCoy (1862) has "identified its bones mingled 

 with those of recent and extinct animals all in one state of preserva- 

 tion in the bone-caverns recently opened beneath the basalt flows at 

 Mount Macedon." In New Zealand, domestic dog-remains of a 

 different breed are found associated with those of the extinct giant 

 rails in the kitchen-middens And j:)resumably came with the Maoris 

 (Hutton, 1898). 



The older naturalists maintained the view that cross fertility was a 

 test of specific identity, and recorded many cases in support of the 

 contention that the Dog was fertile with Wolf and Jackal, and that 

 hence it was of such mixed ancestry. Thus, Hunter (1787) recorded 

 the fertile cross between a male Dog and a female of the Wolf and of 

 the Jackal, whence he concludetl that all were of one species. A more 



