438 BT'LLETIX: Ml'SETM OF COMPARATIVK ZO(")LOGY. 



according to Xehring, 1883). Dog-remains, associated with a human 

 skeleton and palaeoHthic implements, were described by Studer (1906) 

 as Canis pmdiatini, and were discovered while digging a street near 

 Gute Bologo'ie in Russia. This was as large as a medium-sized Sheep- 

 dog and is believed l)y tliis author to be the fore-runner of (\ nifrr- 

 mrdhis of the Bronze Age, which is possibly a hound. 



In the Swiss Lake-dwellings occur skulls of a smaller type of dog 

 named by Riitimeyer Cmiis pahi.stri.s-, a l)reed characteristic of the 

 later Neolithic and the Bronze Ages, in Europe, o,000 to 7,000 years 

 ago. Another Neolithic Dog of small size fskull length, ]r)8 mm.) is 

 described by Hue (1900) from ('lair\aux. Jura, as ('(uii.s Ic itiirri, while 

 still another of dwarf proportions, f. iiiikii, is considere<l by vStuder 

 (1906) as a fore-runner of C. jjal n.s-fris. The same author (Studer, 

 1901) sees much resemblance between skulls of C. pcdustris and those 

 of Chow and Spitz. rndoul)tedly the Chow is a rather ancient type, 

 in numy ways recalling the Eskimo Dog in its erect short ears, 

 broad muzzle, small eyes, bushy mane, and curled-up tail carried 

 stiffly over the hip. Measurements of skulls of Chows given by 

 Stufler are slightly larger than those of C. paluMri.'i. 



No less than four breeds of dogs are recognized b\' Strobel (ISSO) in 

 human cultiu'e layers transitional from the Neolithic to the Bronze 

 Age in Emilia, Italy. One is the small C. palu.s'fris wide-spread in the 

 Stone Age of Europe; the second is C. htfcrDicflins, a larger dog sup- 

 posed to be a hound; the third is the larger C. )iiafn'.s'-optimar, re- 

 garded by Studer (1901) as of the Collie and Sheep-dog (Wolf-dog) 

 type, while the fourth is a Dog smaller than palu.ifris, and believed to 

 be of a distinct breed which Strobel names C. .spaldti. Remains of 

 the first three of these breeds are recognized by Woldrich (1898) from 

 culture layers of middle Neolithic times in caverns of Bohemia. 



From these brief accounts of discoveries of prehistoric dogs it is 

 clear that at a very early period of human culture there were at least 

 two or three types under domestication in Europe. It need not be 

 supposed, as some authors have done, that these types are of local 

 origin. Europe, as a peninsula of Asia, probably recei\'ed its dogs as 

 well as its human population in part at least from the East. Possibly 

 then, as now, certain breeds of dogs were characteristic of different 

 invading tribes. 



