ALLEN: DOGS OF THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES. 447 



they frequently follow the Indians for several days, hut always keep 

 at a distance. They are great enemies to the Indian dogs, and fre- 

 quently kill and eat those that are heavily loaded, and cannot keep up 

 with the main body." 



A comparison of available skulls indicates that those of Eskimo 

 Dogs from eastern Labrador and western Greenland are constantly 

 smaller than those of eastern wolves, the teeth markedly smaller. 

 European investigators (Studer, 1901; Anutschin, 1881; Woldrich, 

 1882) have described skulls and other bones of large dogs from deposits 

 of the later Stone Age — Neolithic — one or two of which, the so-called 

 C. f. itiostranzcivi, C. f. Jadocjcnsis, seem to be large animals much like 

 Eskimo Dogs, and are considered as belonging to the same group. 



Eiflfe (1909) records a crossing of the Australian Dingo with un 

 Eskimo Dog, in the Hamburg Zoological Gardens. The Dingo, a 

 female, was an unusually pale reddish brown animal; the dog, a black 

 East Siberian Sledge-Dog. The eight pups of this litter were more 

 reddish in color than their mother, with slightly bushy tails, somewhat 

 bowed upward. The old Dingo then paired with one of these reddish 

 dogs, and produced eight young, five very pale like herself, three 

 darker red. The ears of all the young were not at first erect, but 

 became so in the course of five months. 



Notes. — The accounts of the early voyagers leave no doubt that 

 these large dogs were companions of the Greenlanders and American 

 Eskimo before the coming of Europeans. Their use l)y the natives 

 as sledge-animals makes them of prime importance in the Arctic 

 conditions under which they \\\e. Cranz and Egede, early Danish 

 missionaries to Greenland, mention the dog-teams, and the latter 

 author gives a crude figure. Scoresby in his Greenland Journal, (1823, 

 p. 203) relates finding at Jameson's Land in eastern Greenland, the 

 skull of a dog in a small grave, probably that of a child. The Eskimo 

 of this part of Greenland must have had very little contact with 

 Europeans up to that time. Cranz, in his History of Greenland, 

 alludes to this custom of the natives, who believe that by lading the 

 head of a dog beside the child's grave, the animal will shoAV the igno- 

 rant babe the way to the Land of Souls, for a dog can find its way 

 everywhere. 



Among early accounts of the Eskimo Dogs, several of special inter- 

 est are given in Hakluyt's Voyages. In The second voyage of 

 Master Martin Frobisher, made to the West and Northwest regions, 

 in the yeere 1577 (Hakluyt's' Voyages. Everyman's Library ed., 

 5, p. 137), it is related that a landing party at York Sound examined 



