July, 191 2. Chinese Pottery. 19 



China. This does not mean that a piece ascribed to the spirits will 

 necessarily be a Sung, and one credited with a tale always a Ming, for 

 interchanges, adjustments and confusions of traditions are constantly 

 at operation. 



As no material regarding the earlier period of burial pottery (except 

 a small fragment) exists in the Field Museum, I must be content with 

 a few suggestive remarks regarding the latter. Chinese-Philippine 

 trade must have existed early in the thirteenth, and very likely in the 

 latter part of the twelfth century, as I tried to establish on a former 

 occasion, 1 chiefly guided by the accounts of a Chinese author, Chao 

 Ju-kua, who around 1220 wrote a most valuable record of the foreign 

 nations then trading with China. His work has been translated and 

 profusely commented on by Prof. Hirth. 2 Chao Ju-kua mentions three 

 times the export of porcelain, by which also pottery not being porcelain 

 must be understood, in the barter with the Philippine tribes. Unfortu- 

 nately he does not tell us of what kind, or from which locality this 

 pottery was, but one interesting fact may be gleaned now from a com- 

 parison of the Philippine place-names known to him with those re- 

 ported by Mr. Cole as having yielded finds of burial jars. Dr. Miller, 

 Mr. Cole informs us, discovered jars containing human bones and 

 beads in mounds opened by him on the Island of Camiguin, lying north 

 of Luzon. This name is doubtless identical with Ka-ma-yen mentioned 

 by Chao Ju-kua as forming the "Three Islands" with Pa-lao-yu (Pala- 

 wan?) and Pa-ki-nung, 3 and he gives a lively description of the barter 

 with the Hai-tan (Aeta) living there, with the express mention of porce- 

 lain. Fragments of large jars, says Mr. Cole, were also found in the 

 burial cave of Pokanin in southern Mindoro ; now Chao Ju-kua describes 

 a country in the north of Borneo which he calls Ma-yi(f) and identified 

 by me with Mindoro, the ancient name of which was Mait. Mindoro, 

 where Spaniards and Chinese met for the first time in 1570, was an old 

 stronghold of the latter, and probably at an earlier date than Luzon. 

 These coincidences cannot be accidental, and must further be taken in 

 connection with the fact to which Mr. Cole justly calls attention, that 

 jar burial may have been practised, especially by those Filipino in 

 direct trade relations with Borneo. It seems to me that we are bound 

 to assume an historical connection between the two and an influencing 



1 The Relations of the Chinese to the Philippine Islands, p. 252 {Smithsonian 

 Miscellaneous Contributions, Vol. L, Part 2, 1907). 



2 A complete translation of the work jointly edited by Hirth and W. W. Rockhill 

 has been printed by the Academy of St. Petersburg and is soon expected to be out. 



3 See Hirth, Chinesische Studien, p. 41. 



