adolescent, and a child. The tools of stone and bone show a con- 

 tinuity of Mogollon tradition and technology. Snowflake black- 

 on-white was more abundant than any other painted pottery. 



The conjectured date for this pueblo and great kiva is about 

 a.d. 1100. The Museum expresses its thanks to Mr. Thode for per- 

 mitting us to dig the site and to bring back the artifacts recovered. 



The major work of the expedition staff was the excavation of 

 the large pueblo on the Hooper ranch. The Museum is grateful to 

 Mr. and Mrs. Hooper for granting permission to dig, for help given 

 the expedition, and for permission to ship all artifacts to the Museum 

 for study. 



Two tiers of rooms were dug at right angles to one another. 

 This was done in order to get a fair cross-section of the mound 

 because it was impossible to excavate the whole edifice. Twenty- 

 three rooms and two kivas were excavated. 



It is thought that the nucleus of the pueblo was a small one- 

 story building of ten or fifteen rooms. Other rooms had been added 

 later. At some time early in the life of the village many ground- 

 floor doorways were sealed, and some time after that another archi- 

 tectural change of major importance occurred. Ground-floor rooms 

 were filled with dirt and rocks, roofs were removed, and then ap- 

 proximately sixty new rooms were built on this fill with the new 

 floors four or five feet above the ground-floor levels. The walls of 

 the upper rooms do not coincide with the earlier lower walls but 

 crisscross the old ones. Apparently the people who built the upper 

 rooms desired a pueblo that was completely different from the 

 earlier pueblo in arrangement. Few such ruins are found in the 

 Southwest. 



Several hypotheses occurred to Chief Curator Martin and asso- 

 ciates for this uncommon ground-plan. One is that, because of 

 floods from the Colorado River, the inhabitants tried to keep out 

 floodwaters by sealing doors. Perhaps this plan was only partially 

 successful, and it was then necessary to raise the floor levels several 

 feet to overcome this difficulty. But there seems to be no explana- 

 tion for the crisscross wall-pattern. From the point of view of a 

 modern engineer, it would have been simpler to have carried the 

 walls straight up from bottom to top and to have kept the same 

 general ground-plan and arrangement of parts. Since there is no 

 temporal gap of any consequence (for example fifty years or more) 

 nor any abrupt shift in popularity of pottery types, one cannot 

 explain the new and different building as the caprice of newcomers. 

 Nor can one very well postulate marauders as the cause for sealed 

 doorways, raised floors, and crisscrossed walls. At the moment, 



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