8 Traditions of the Tinguian 



above the earth (p. 141). * At other times these places are referred to as 

 Sudlpan — the term by which spirits are supposed to call the present 

 earth — while the actors are referred to as Ipogau — the spirit name for 

 Tinguian. Whatever its location it was a place much like the present 

 home of this people. The sky, the chief abode of spirits and celestial 

 bodies, was above the land, and the heroes of the tales are pictured as 

 ascending to visit the upper realms. The trees, plants, and animals 

 were for the most part those known to-day. The ocean appears to have 

 been well known, while mention is made of some places in Luzon, such 

 as Dagopan and San Fernando in Pangasinan with which the people of 

 to-day are not at all familiar (p. 89, 168). 



We learn that each village is situated near to a river or waterway 

 by the banks of which shallow wells are dug, and there we find the wom- 

 en gathering under the shade of the trees, dipping up water to be car- 

 ried to their homes, washing and combing their hair, and taking their 

 baths (p. 48). They seldom go singly, for enemies are apt to be near, 

 and unless several are in the company it will be impossible to spread the 

 alarm and secure help in case of attack (p. 43). 



Leading up from the spring to the village are bamboo poles on which 

 the heads of enemies are displayed (p. 43) . In cases where the warriors 

 have been especially successful these trophies may surround the whole 

 settlement (p . 76). About the town is a defensive wall , generally of bam- 

 boo, but in some cases made up entirely of gigantic snakes (p. 43). 

 Within this inclosure are many houses. The bamboo floors are raised 

 high above the ground, while the thatching is of grass. Ladders lead up 

 to little porches, from which doors open into the dwellings. At least 

 part of the houses have a cooking room in addition to that used by 

 the family, while structures containing a ninth room are several times 

 mentioned (pp. 43, 52, 85). 



In one corner of the living room is a box containing blankets, above 

 which are pillows and mats used by members of the household and 

 guests; an iron caldron lies on the floor, while numerous Chinese jars 

 stand about. A hearth, made up of a bed of ashes in which stones are 

 sunk, is used for cooking. Above it is a bamboo food hanger, while near 

 by stand jars of water and various cooking pots. Food baskets, coco- 

 nut shell cups, and dishes, and a quantity of Chinese plates appear when 

 the meal is served, while the use of glass is not unknown. Cups of gold, 

 wonderful jars, and plates appear at times, but seem to be so rare as to 

 excite comment (pp. 33, 98, 102, 105). 



1 Only the most important references found in the texts are given here. For a 

 fuller list see the index. 



