May, 1905. The Cheyenne — Dorsey. 175 



yellow, and a red band encircled the face, wrists, and ankles. A black 

 spot was made in the center of the bridge of the nose. There were two 

 large pipe symbols in red, their bowls facing, on the upper part of 

 the chest and on the back; they surmounted a symbol of the sun on 

 the breast and of the moon on the back. For the second paint of this 

 day the sun symbol was placed much lower from the pipes than it was 

 in the first paint. 



The third paint worn by the two Arapaho on the second day dif- 

 fered from that just described (see PI. LXII., Fig. b) only in that the 

 pipe symbols were replaced by solid rectangular figures. 



PART IV.— TORTURE. 



The rite of sacrifice by means of self-inflicted torture was com- 

 mon to many of the Plains tribes, and was practiced by no tribe to 

 a greater extent, so far as known, than by the Cheyenne. In 

 treating the subject as it bears upon the ceremony under considera- 

 tion, two points of view appear: torture as it was practiced before 

 it had been discontinued through the intervention of the whites ; the 

 torture incident of the ceremony of 1903. 



ANCIENT FORMS OF TORTURE. 



The individual who was to undergo torture during the Sun Dance 

 in former times may or may not have been one of the number of the 

 dancers, for torture did not depend, as may be inferred from what has 

 already been said, upon the particular warrior society to which the 

 subject belonged, but rather upon a vow taken voluntarily. A cer- 

 tain amount of discrepancy prevails in accounts given by different 

 informants as to whether certain days were reserved exclusively for 

 certain kinds of torture. It would seem that as a rule torture was 

 not performed on the day that the altar was erected, but on one or 

 more of the three following fasting days. Two distinct forms of 

 Sun Dance torture were recognized, each form being capable of ex- 

 tensive variation. Still another form of torture was practiced, soon 

 to be noted, the infliction of which, however, was not necessarily 

 dependent upon the Sun Dance. 



Probably the most common form of torture and the one most 

 intimately connected with the Sun Dance, was by attachment in one 

 form or another to the center-pole. In the simplest form of torture 

 of this kind, two small skewers about two and a half inches in length 

 were inserted by a medicine man in the breast of the subject, just 



