Feb., 1912. Jade. 53 



on this side of 1 and beyond Bering Strait as an every day household 

 object, but otherwise sporadically only in Eastern Asia. Each case 

 must be pursued individually, and attempts at premature generaliza- 

 tion be suppressed, as very well outlined by O. T. Mason. 2 In other 

 archaeological types, America may have borrowed from Asia as e. g. 

 the stone weights from Lower Columbia Valley 3 whose shapes and 

 peculiar handles agree with the Chinese bronze weights of theTs'in 

 dynasty (b. c. 246-207). 



It would be a premature venture to attempt to set a date for the 

 stone implements discovered in Ts'ing-chou fu. The material is too 

 scanty to allow of far-reaching conclusions. It is clearly distinguished 

 in its character as surface-finds from the mortuary specimens of Shensi. 

 Internal evidence might lead one to attribute a comparatively higher 

 age to the Shantung stone implements, but such evidence based on 

 considerations of this kind is often fallacious. There is no doubt that 

 the types represented by them are older, but even this granted, the 

 actual specimens under view may notwithstanding come down from a 

 later period, because we have as yet no clue as to the time when the 

 manufacture of such implements ceased in Shantung. The question 

 as to the identification of these stone implements with a Chinese or a 

 non-Chinese culture, though it cannot be definitely solved at present, 

 yet may be approached on the supposition that they are much more 

 likely to have been produced by a non-Chinese tribe than by the 

 Chinese. 



As regards the type of the mattock, culture-historical considera- 

 tions switched us on the same track. The history of Shantung 

 furnishes proof that the Chinese settlers struck there, as in other 

 territories, an aboriginal population of whose culture we can unfortu- 

 nately form no clear idea from the ancient meagre records. The 

 region of Ts'ing-chou, from which our stone implements are derived, is 

 said to have been inhabited by a tribe called Shuang-kiu under the 

 Emperor Shao-hao, whose time is dated traditionally at the 26th century 

 b. c. Subsequently, the tribes Ki-sh§ and P'u-ku take their place, — 

 whether these names simply denote a change of the former name or a 

 new current of immigration, we do not know. The Ki-she belong to 

 the time of the Emperor Shun and the Hia dynasty (approximately 

 b. c. 23d-ioth century). At the end of the Shang dynasty (b. c. 

 1 1 54), the P'u ku were counted among the feudal states of China; 



1 For Alaska see, e. g., A. P. Niblack, The Coast Indians of Southern Alaska 

 {Report of U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, Plate XXI). 



2 Migration and the Food Quest (Smithsonian Report jor 1894, pp. 538-539). 



3 Harlan I. Smith in American Anthropologist, 1906, p. 305. 



