History of the Rhinoceros 157 



China remains of Hycena, Tapir, Rhinoceros, Chalicotherium, and 

 Elephas, had recently been found, closely resembling those from the 

 Miocene or Pliocene deposits of Europe and India, and showing that the 

 Palacarctic region had then the same great extent from west to east that 

 it has now. Of two species, — complete carcasses with the skin, — the two 

 horns, hair, and well-preserved interior organs, were discovered in frozen 

 soil between the Yenisei and Lena Rivers in Siberia. 1 They lived during 

 the ice age, and were covered with a coarse hairy and finely curled coat, 

 the skin being smooth and without the characteristic folds of the now 

 living species. K. A. ZrTTEL 2 defines the zone of these two species 

 (Rhinoceros mercki and antiquitatis) as extending over the whole of 

 northern and central Asia, inclusive of China, and over northern and 

 middle Europe. 3 The best study of this subject, thus far, has been 

 made by M. Schlosser. 4 He records a new species from China (Rhi- 

 noceros habereri) 5 in two different types, and two others belonging to the 

 forest fauna, one of which is referred to the two-horned Sumatran type, 



1 This first find was made in 1 771 on the bank of the river Wilui near 64 N. lat. 

 It was first described by the prominent naturalist P. S. Pallas, in his treatise De 

 reliquiis animalium exoticorum per Asiam borealem repertis complementum (in 

 Novi Commentarii Acad. Scient. Petropolitanae, Vol. XVII, 1772, p. 576), and in his 

 Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs (Vol. Ill, p. 97, St. Peters- 

 burg, 1 776). Head and feet of this animal are still preserved in St. Petersburg. A fun- 

 damental investigation still remains that of J. F. Brandt, De rhinocerotis antiquitatis 

 seu tichorhini seu pallasii structura externa etc. (Memoires de I' Acad, de St. Peter s- 

 bourg, series 6, Vol. V, 1849, pp. 161-416). A rich collection of rhinoceros-bones 

 made in the western part of Transbaikalia is in the Museum at Troitskosavsk (com- 

 pare Molleson, in Papers of the Troitskosavsk-Kiachta Section of the Russian Geogr. 

 Soc, in Russian, Vol. I, 1898, p. 71 ; and the detailed descriptions of Mme. M. Pavlov, 

 ibid., Vol. XIII, 1910, pp. 37-44). 



2 Palaeozoologie, Vol. IV, p. 296. For a restoration of the woolly rhinoceros found 

 in Siberia see N. N. Hutchinson, Extinct Monsters, Plate XXI. 



3 We know that fossil rhinoceros-horn had attracted the attention of Siberian 

 natives long before it came to the notice of European scientists. It was employed 

 to strengthen their bows, and the belief was entertained that it exerted a beneficial 

 influence on the arrow hitting its mark. (Compare A. E. v. Nordenskiold, Die 

 Umsegelung Asiens und Europas auf der Vega, Vol. I, p. 367, Leipzig, 1882.) Now 

 we read in the Annals of the Kin Dynasty (Kin shi, Ch. 120, p. 3 a) that the Niuchi, 

 a Tungusic tribe, availed themselves of rhinoceros-horn for the same purpose; and 

 it may therefore be presumed that they obtained it through the medium of trade 

 from inner Siberia (compare above, p. 95). Fossil rhinoceros-horns have also been 

 found in the valley of the Kolyma River. K. v. Ditmar (Reisen und Aufenthalt in 

 Kamtschatka, Vol. I, p. 37, St. Petersburg, 1890) saw one from that region nearly 

 three feet long, and emphasizes the co-existence there of numerous remains of rhi- 

 noceros, mammoth, and narwhal. 



4 Die fossilen Saugetiere Chinas (Abhandlicngen der bayer. Akademie, CI. II, 

 Vol. XXII, 1903, pp. 1-221, 14 plates). This work is conveniently summed up by 

 H. F. Osborn (The Age of Mammals, pp. 332-335), where an interesting map 

 (p- 5°5) is added, showing the former and recent distribution of the rhinoceros. The 

 material described by Schlosser is derived from Chinese drug-stores, and was collected 

 by K. Haberer. The author gives also a valuable summary of the localities in China 

 where fossil remains of mammals have been found (pp. 9-19). 



6 L. c, pp. 58-63. 



