166 Chinese Clay Figures 



keeping its skin and horn. It should be remembered that Li Shi-chen, 

 who lived in the sixteenth century, still assigned to the rhinoceros the 

 southern portion of Yiin-nan and the adjoining Tibetan regions. Even 

 at the present time the rhinoceros may still exist in isolated spots on 

 Chinese territory. 



Johan Neuhof 1 locates it in the province of Sze-ch'uan, particularly 

 near the small town of Po (P'a is presumably meant). 



O. Dapper 2 appropriates to the rhinoceros Sze-ch'uan and Chucheu- 

 fu (?) in Kuang-si. Du Halde 3 ascribes the rhinoceros to the prefecture 

 of Wu-chou in Kuang-si. L. Richard 4 states, "On account of the 

 devastation prevailing in Kuang-si, a great number of wild animals are 

 found there: the tiger, rhinoceros, panther, tapir, wolf, bear, and fox." 

 The zoologist W. Marshall, 5 in a general summary of the Chinese 

 fauna, observes that the south, and particularly the south-west, of China, 

 harbor decidedly Indian types of mammals, among these the Indian 

 tapir and the single-horned rhinoceros. 



The products yielded by an animal, and the manner of their utiliza- 

 tion, allow also conclusive evidence in regard to the nature of the animal 

 itself. That rhinoceros-horn was worked in ancient times and well 

 differentiated from other ordinary horn, is evidenced by the curious 

 fact that three distinct verbs pertaining to the treatment of ivory, 

 ordinary horn, and rhinoceros-horn, are listed in the dictionary Erh ya. 

 The carving of ivory is designated by the word ku (No. 6248) ; the treat- 

 ing of ordinary horn (kio) , by the word hio ; 6 the carving of rhinoceros- 

 horn (si), by the word ts'o or ts'uo (No. 11,766). In the latter case 

 Mr. Giles, in the second edition of his Dictionary, has justly retained 

 the meaning "to make rhinoceros-horn into cups; to carve." The 

 word is apparently identical with ts'o (No. 11,778), meaning "to file, 

 trim, cut, plane, polish," etc., including all the various manipulations of 

 the carver. 



At this point it may not be amiss to call to mind the fact that a 



1 Die Gesantschaft der ostindischen Geselschaft, p. 348 (Amsterdam, 1669). 



2 Beschryving des Keizerryks van Taising of Sina, p. 230 (Amsterdam, 1670). 



3 A Description of the Empire of China, Vol. I, p. 121 (London, 1738). 



* Comprehensive Geography of the Chinese Empire, p. 198 (Shanghai, 1908). 



6 Die Tierwelt Chinas (Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaften, Vol. 73, 1900, p. 73). 



8 Composed of the classifier kio ('horn') at the foot, and the phonetic comple- 

 ment hio ('to learn'). The character is not contained in our current Chinese dic- 

 tionaries (not even in Palladius) ; students of Chinese will easily find it in K'ang-hi's 

 Dictionary under classifier 148 (13 strokes, first character). The definition of the 

 word hio given by the Shuo win — chi kio ("to treat horn") — calls for attention, 

 any word like cutting or carving being avoided. The ancient Chinese were familiar 

 with all processes of horn- work (soaking, slicing, welding, etc.), which are described 

 in the Chou li. 



