Defensive Armor of the Archaic Period 191 



manner similar to that of the corresponding Chukchi armor figured and 

 described by Walter Hough 1 and W. Bogoras. 2 



Another singular kind of armor is alluded to in the Lan p'ei lu 3 under 

 the name jung kia. The word jung (No. 5736) refers to the soft core 

 of the young antlers of the deer (considered by the Chinese an efficient 

 aphrodisiac); and I am inclined to interpret the term jung kia as a 

 cuirass strengthened by horn shavings fastened to the surface, for which 

 there are interesting analogies in other culture areas. 4 In the passage 



1 Primitive American Armor (Report of the U. S. National Museum for 1893, 

 Plate IV and p. 634). An excellent specimen of this type is in the Field Museum (Cat. 

 No. 34.150- 



2 Publications du MusSe d'Ethnographie et d' Anthropologic de St. Peter sbourg, II, 

 Plate XII, Fig. 1 (St. Petersburg, 1901). The Chukchi hoop armor, however, is not 

 related to the so-called banded mail of the European middle ages, as asserted by 

 Hough (/. c, p. 633) and repeated by Bogoras (The Chukchee, Jesup North Pacific 

 Expedition, Vol. VII, p. 162). In the European types it has been shown that the 

 banded appearance, as it occurs in mediaeval illustrations, was produced by thongs of 

 leather which were strung through adjacent rows of chain-links (Bashford Dean, 

 Catalogue of European Arms and Armor, p. 22, New York, 1905), — a feature entirely 

 lacking in the Chukchi armor. 



3 Quoted in P'ei win yiin fu, Ch. 106, p. 74. This is a brief work containing 

 likewise the narrative of a mission to the Court of the Kin emperors in 11 70 by Fan 

 Ch'eng-ta (1 126-1 193), and reprinted in Chi pu tsu chai ts'ung shu. In the text of this 

 work it is added that the guards had spears with handles inlaid with gold leaf, and 

 flags painted with blue dragons; those in the east had yellow flags, and those in the 

 west white ones. 



4 Ammianus Marcellinus (xvii, 12) narrates that the armor of the Quadians 

 and Sarmatians consisted of small scales of polished horn arranged on a linen coat 

 like the plumage of a bird (loricae ex cornibus rasis et levigatis, plumarum specie 

 linteis indumentis innexae); and Pausanias (i, 21, 5) relates that a Sarmatian scale 

 armor made of horses' hoofs was preserved as a curiosity in the Temple of Aesculapius 

 at Athens. Ratzel (Uber die Stabchenpanzer und ihre Verbreitung im nordpazifi- 

 schen Gebiet, Sitzungsberichte der Bayerlschen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1886, 

 p. 191) mentions, after a letter received from William H. Dall, an armor made by the 

 Tlingit from slices of deer-hoof fastened to a foundation of elk-skin in the manner 

 of scale armor. In the Philippine collection of the Field Museum (Cat. No. 34,493, 

 gift of Mr. E. E. Ayer), there is a suit of armor composed of rectangular laminas of 

 buffalo (carabao) horn, mutually connected by means of rows of brass rings. This 

 armor was made by the Moro on Basilan Island. It is identical with the specimen figured 

 by L. Scherman (Berichte des K. Ethnographischen Museums in Miinchen IV, 191 1, 

 Miinchner Jahrbuch der bildenden Kunst, 1912, p. 96, Fig. 18), which is stated to hail 

 from the Sulu Archipelago, and to be characteristic of this region. In the Field 

 Museum, however, there is also a suit of armor of exactly the same type, in which 

 the laminae are entirely wrought from brass, and likewise joined by means of brass 

 rings. This metal suit, according to the traditions of the natives, was captured in 

 1 63 1 when a Spanish expedition was massacred at Lake Lanao; they assure us also 

 that the suits of carabao horn were turned out in imitation of this Spanish model. 

 It is therefore obvious that the metal harness in question, as moreover attested by 

 the evidence of the object itself, is of Spanish make, and served as model for the 

 Philippine as well as the Sulu horn armors. Suits of armor have always been highly 

 prized articles and carried away to remote corners by barter or capture in war; and 

 it is always necessary to be on one's guard in making correct attributions. We may 

 even go so far as to say that it would be impossible for the natives of the Philippines 

 to construct such a complicated affair from their own inventiveness. Their purely 

 native armor is unpretentious, being made from woven hemp stuffed with matted 

 hemp fibre. This is the national North- Malayan type of body armor, the same as 



