314 Sino-Iranica 



£m and ma-lu, are sufficient to raise serious doubts of the indigenous 

 character of Curcuma; and for my part, I am strongly inclined to believe 

 that at least two species of this genus were first introduced into Se-c'wan 

 by way of Central Asia. This certainly would not exclude the possi- 

 bility that other species of this genus, or even other varieties of the 

 imported species, pre-existed in China long before that time; and this 

 is even probable, in view of the fact that a fragrant plant yii Wt, which 

 was mixed with sacrificial wine, is mentioned in the ancient Cou li, 

 the State Ceremonial of the Cou Dynasty, and in the Li ki. The com- 

 mentators, with a few exceptions, agree on the point that this ancient 

 yii was a yii-kin; that is, a Curcuma. 1 



In India, Curcuma longa is extensively cultivated all over the coun- 

 try, and probably so from ancient times. The plant (Sanskrit haridra) 

 is already listed in the Bower Manuscript. From India the rhizome is 

 exported to Tibet, where it is known as yun-ba or skyer-pa, the latter 

 name originally applying to the barberry, the wood and root of which, 

 like Curcuma, yield a yellow dye. 



Ibn al-Baitar understands by kurkum the genus Curcuma, not Cro- 

 cus, as is obvious from his definition that it is the great species of the 

 tinctorial roots. These roots come from India, being styled hard in 

 Persian; this is derived from Sanskrit haridra (Curcuma longa). Ibn 

 Hassan, however, observes that the people of Basra bestow on hard 

 the name kurkum, which is the designation of saffron, and to which it 

 is assimilated; but then he goes on to confound saffron with the root of 

 wars, which is a Memecylon (see below). 2 Turmeric is called in Persian 

 zird-lube or darzard ("yellow wood"). According to Garcia da Orta, 

 it was much exported from India to Arabia and Persia; and there was 

 unanimous opinion that it did not grow in Persia, Arabia, or Turkey, 

 but that all comes from India. 3 



The name yii-kin, or with the addition hian ("aromatic"), 4 is fre- 

 quently referred in ancient documents to two different plants of Indian 

 and Iranian countries, — Memecylon tinctorium and Crocus sativus, the 



1 Cf. Bretschneider, Bot. Sin., pt. II, No. 408. 



2 Leclerc, Trait6 des simples, Vol. Ill, p. 167. 



3 C. Markham, Colloquies, p. 163. 



4 As a matter of principle, the term yii-kin hian strictly refers to saffron. It is 

 this term which Bretschneider (Bot. Sin., pt. II, No. 408) was unable to identify, 

 and of which Stuart (Chinese Materia Medica, p. 140) was compelled to admit, 

 "The plant is not yet identified, but is probably not Curcuma." The latter remark 

 is to the point. The descriptions we have of yii-kinhian, and which are given below, 

 exclude any idea of a Curcuma. The modern Japanese botanists apply the term yii-kin 

 hian (Japanese ukkonko) to Tulipa gesneriana, a flower of Japan (Matsumura, 

 No. 3193)- 



