Safflower 327 



tain produces hun-lan (Carthamus) which yields yen-U ('cosmetic')." 

 All this, of course, is pure fantasy inspired by the homophony of the two 

 words yen-U ("cosmetic") and Hiun-nu yen-U ("royal consort"). 

 Another etymology propounded by Fu Hou ffc §1 in his Cun hwa ku 

 kin lu r f 1 ii"fi ,> T^ (tenth century) is no more fortunate: he explains 

 that yen-U is produced in the country Yen #5, and is hence styled fflk Ha 

 yen-U ("sap of Yen"). Yen was one of the small feudal states at the 

 time of the Cou dynasty. This is likewise a philological afterthought, 

 for there is no ancient historical record to the effect that the state of 

 Yen should have produced (exclusively or pre-eminently) Basella or 

 Carthamus. It is perfectly certain that yen-U is not Chinese, but the 

 transcription of a foreign word: this appears clearly from the ancient 

 form %& ;£, which yields no meaning whatever; ;£, as is well known, 

 being a favorite character in the rendering of foreign words. This is 

 further corroborated by the vacillating modes of writing the word, 

 to which Li Si-cen adds J^I %&, 1 while he rejects as erroneous ^ Jl£ 

 and JJB ^, and justly so. Unfortunately we are not informed as to the 

 country or language from which the word was adopted: the Ku kin 

 £u avails itself only of the vague term Si fan ("Western Countries"), 

 where Carthamus was called yen-U; but in no language known to me is 

 there any such name for the designation of this plant or its product. 

 The Sanskrit name for safflower is kusumbha; and if the plant had come 

 from India, Chinese writers would certainly not have failed to express 

 this clearly. The supposition therefore remains that it was introduced 

 from some Iranian region, and that yen-U represents a word from an 

 old Iranian dialect now extinct, or an Iranian word somehow still 

 unknown. The New-Persian name for the plant is gawdlila; in Arabic 

 it is qurtum. 2 



Li Si-cen distinguishes four kinds of yen-U: (1) From Carthamus 

 tinctorius, the juice of the flowers of which is made into a rouge (the 

 information is chiefly drawn from the Ku kin £u, as cited above). 

 (2) From Basella rubra, as described in the Pei hu lu. (3) From the 

 ian-liu tfi fi§ flower [unidentified, perhaps a wild pomegranate : above, 

 p. 281], described in the Hu pen ts'ao. (4) From the tree producing 

 gum lac (tse-kun ^ UJr 1 ) , 8 this product being styled 1&8 %& Ba hu yen-U 

 ("foreign cosmetic") and described in the Nan hai yao p'u $j $£ & M 

 of Li Sun 9 *%.* "At present," Li Si-cen continues, "the southerners 



1 Formed with the classifier 155, "red." 



2 Achundow, Abu Mansur, p. 105. 

 1 See below, p. 476. 



4 He lived in the second half of the eighth century. 



