194 Sino-Iranica 



scented mint is Vad's, the trigonella is Dln-pavan-Dln's, the hundred- 

 petalled rose is Din's, all kinds of wild flowers (vahdr) are Ard's, Actad 

 has all the white Horn, the bread-baker's basil is Asman's, Zamyad has 

 the crocus, Maraspend has the flower of Ardaslr, Anlran has this 

 Horn of the angel Horn, of three kinds." 



From this extract it becomes evident that the ancient Persians paid 

 attention to their flora, and, being fond of systematizing, possessed a 

 classification of their plants; but any of their botanical literature, if 

 it ever existed, is lost. 



The most important of the Persian works on pharmacology is the 

 Kitab-ulabniyat 'an haqd'iq-uladviyat or "Book of the Foundations of 

 the True Properties of the Remedies," written about a.d. 970 by the 

 physician Abu Mansur Muvaffaq bin 'All alharavi, who during one 

 of his journeys visited also India. He wrote for Mansur Ibn Nuh II 

 of the house of the Samanides, who reigned from 961 to 976 or 977. 

 This is not only the earliest Persian work on the subject, but the 

 oldest extant production in prose of New-Persian literature. The 

 text has been edited by R. Seligmann from a unique manuscript 

 of Vienna dated a.d. 1055, the oldest extant Persian manuscript. 1 

 There is a translation by a Persian physician, Abdul-Chalig 

 Achundow from Baku. 2 The translation in general seems good, and 

 is provided with an elaborate commentary, but in view of the im- 

 portance of the work a new critical edition would be desirable. 

 The sources from which Abu Mansur derived his materials should 

 be carefully sifted: we should like to know in detail what he 

 owes to the Arabs, the Syrians, and the Indians, and what is due 

 to his own observations. Altogether Arabic influence is pre-eminent. 

 Cf. Appendix III. 



A good many Chinese plant-names introduced from Iran have the 

 word Hu t$ prefixed to them. Hu is one of those general Chinese desig- 

 nations without specific ethnic value for certain groups of foreign 

 tribes. Under the Han it appears mainly to refer to Turkish tribes; 

 thus the Hiun-nu are termed Hu in the Si ki. From the fourth century 

 onward it relates to Central Asia and more particularly to peoples of 



1 Codex Vindobonensis sive Medici Abu Mansur Muwaffak Bin All Heratensis 

 liber Fundamentorum Pharamacologiae Pars I Prolegomena et textum continens 

 (Vienna, 1859). 



2 Die pharmakologischen Grundsatze des A. M. Muwaffak, in R. Kobert's 

 Historische Studien aus dem Pharmakologischen Institute der Universitat Dorpat, 

 l &73- Quoted as "Achundow, Abu Mansur." The author's name is properly 

 'Abdu'l-Khaliq, son of the Akhund or schoolmaster. Cf. E. G. Browne, Literary 

 History of Persia, pp. II, 478. 



