Introduction 203 



apple" (hjj\ov 'Apfxeviandv, "apricot"). Rabelais (1483-1553) 1 has 

 already made the following just observation on this point, " Les autres 

 [plantes] ont retenu le nom des regions des quelles furent ailleurs 

 transporters, comme pommes medices, ce sont pommes de Medie, en 

 laquelle furent premierement trouv^es; pommes puniques, ce sont 

 grenades, apportees de Punicie, c'est Carthage. Ligusticum, c'est 

 livesche, apport£e de Ligurie, c'est la couste de Genes: rhabarbe, du 

 fleuve Barbare nomine" Rha, comme atteste Ammianus: santonique, 

 fenu grec; castanes, persiques, sabine; stoechas, de mes isles Hieres, 

 antiquement dites Stoechades; spica celtica et autres." The Tibetans, 

 as I have shown, 2 form many names of plants and products with Bal 

 (Nepal), Mon (Himalayan Region), rGya (China), and Li (Khotan). 



In the same manner we have numerous botanical terms preceded 

 by "American, Indian, Turkish, Turkey, Guinea," etc. 



Aside from the general term Hu, the Chinese characterize Iranian 

 plants also by the attribute Po-se (Parsa, Persia): thus Po-se tsao 

 ("Persian jujube") serves for the designation of the date. The term 

 Po-se requires great caution, as it denotes two different countries, Persia 

 and a certain Malayan region. This duplicity of the name caused 

 grave confusion among both Chinese and European scholars, so that 

 I was compelled to devote to this problem a special chapter in which 

 all available sources relative to the Malayan Po-se and its products 

 are discussed. Another tribal name that quite frequently occurs in 

 connection with Iranian plant-names is Si-2un f§ & ("the Western 

 £un"). These tribes appear as early as the epoch of the Si kin and 

 $u kin, and seem to be people of Hiun-nu descent. In post-Christian 

 times Si-zun developed into a generic term without ethnic significance, 

 and vaguely hints at Central-Asiatic regions. Combined with botanical 

 names, it appears to be synonymous with Hu. 3 It is a matter of course 

 that all these geographical and tribal allusions in plant-names have 

 merely a relative, not an absolute value; that is, if the Chinese, for 

 instance, designate a plant as Persian (Po-se) or Hu, this signifies that 

 from their viewpoint the plant under notice hailed from Iran, or in 

 some way was associated with the activity of Iranian nations, but it 

 does not mean that the plant itself or its cultivation is peculiar or due 

 to Iranians. This may be the case or not, yet this point remains to be 

 determined by a special investigation in each particular instance. 

 While the Chinese, as will be seen, are better informed on the history 



1 Le Gargantua et le Pantagruel, Livre III, chap. L. 



* "Poung Poo, 1916, pp. 409, 448, 456. , 



* For examples of its occurrence consult Index. 



