336 Sino-Iranica 



H Ht 1 by Cou Mi ffl $? (1230-1320), who makes the following ob- 

 servation: "As regards the red variety of the fun sien flower (Impatiens 

 balsamina), the leaves are used, being pounded in a mortar and mixed 

 with a little alum. 2 The finger-nails must first be thoroughly cleaned, 

 and then this paste is applied to them. During the night a piece of 

 silk is wrapped around them, and the dyeing takes effect. This process 

 is repeated three or five times. The color resembles that of the yen-ci 

 (Basella rubrum). Even by washing it does not come off, and keeps 

 for fully ten days. At present many Mohammedan women are fond 

 of using this cosmetic for dyeing their hands, and also apply it to cats 

 and dogs for their amusement." The Pen ts'ao kan mu quotes only the 

 last clause of this text. From what Cou Mi says, it does not appear 

 that the custom was of ancient date; on the contrary, it does not seem 

 to be older than the Sung period. 



None of the early Pen ts'ao makes mention of Lawsonia. It first 

 appears in the Pen ts'ao kan mu. All that Li Si-cen is able to note 

 amounts to this: that there are two varieties, a yellow and a white one, 

 which bloom during the summer months; that its odor resembles that 

 of must /fC JP (Osmanthus fragrans) ; and that it can be used for dyeing 

 the finger-nails, being superior in this respect to the fun sien flower 

 (Impatiens balsamina). Cen Kan-cufi JUS RlJ *H, an author of the Sung 

 period, mentions the plant under the name i hian hwa ^1 & j& ("flower 

 of peculiar fragrance"). 



It has generally been believed hitherto that the use of henna and 

 the introduction of Lawsonia into China are of ancient date; but, in 

 fact, the evidence is extremely weak. In my opinion, as far as the em- 

 ployment of henna is concerned, we have to go down as far as the 

 Sung period. It is noteworthy also that no foreign name of ancient date, 

 either for the plant or its product, is on record. F. P. Smith and Stuart 

 parade the term M |pj hai-na (Arabic hinna) without giving a reference. 

 The very form of this transcription shows that it is of recent date: in 

 fact, it occurs as late as the sixteenth century in the Pen ts'ao kan mu, z 

 then in the K'iinfah p x u of 1630 4 and the Nun cen ts'iian $u H. Ifc d£r 1§F, 

 published in 1619 by Su Kwah-k'i % it S*, the friend and supporter 

 of the Jesuits. It also occurs in the Hwa kin of 1688. 5 



It is well known what extensive use of henna (Arabic hinna, hence 



1 Wk $k ±, p. 17 (ed. of Pat hai). 



2 In this manner the dye is also prepared at present. 



3 Ch. 17 b, p. 12 b. 



4 Kwa-h k'un fan p'u, Ch. 26, p. 4 b. The passages of the first edition are 

 especially indicated. 



6 Ch. 5, p. 23 b. 



