Indian Elements in Persian Pharmacology 581 



than four Sanskrit plant-names, — kadara, kadala, kandara, and kandata, 

 while the Tohfat states that kader is called kawi in India, being a tree 

 similar to the date-palm, the flower being known as kaburah (p. 197); 

 kader, accordingly, is an Arabic word, while kawi is the supposed Indian 

 equivalent and may correspond to Sanskrit kapi (Emblica officinalis, 

 Pongamia glabra, or Olibanum). These examples suffice: the twenty-one 

 identifications proposed by Jolly are not convincing. Many of these 

 have also been rejected by Achundow. 



The Indian loan-words in Persian should occasionally be made the 

 subject of an exhaustive study. A few of these are enumerated by 

 P. Horn. 1 Kurkum ("saffron"), however, is not of Indian origin, as 

 stated by him (cf . above, p. 321). Skr. sura, mentioned above, occurs in 

 Persian as sur ("rice-wine"). Middle Persian kaplk, Persian kabl 

 ("monkey"), is derived from Skr. kapi. 1 



1(1). aruz, P. birinj, rice (Oryza sativa). Cf. above, p. 373. 



2(5). utruj, P. turunj, citron (Citrus medico). From Skr. mdtulunga 

 (above, p. 301), also matulanga, -langa, and -linga. 



3(11). ihlilaj, P. halila, myrobalan (Terminalia chebula). Skr. harltakl 

 (above, p. 378). 



4(76). balilaj, P. ballla, Terminalia belerica, Skr. vibhitaka (cf. T'oung 

 Poo, 1915, p. 275). 



5(12). amlaj, P. amlla (amela, amula), Emblica officinalis or Phyl- 

 lanthus emblica. Skr. amala (also dhdtri), provided the botanical identi- 

 fication is correct; phonetically, P. amila would rather point to Skr. 

 amla or amlika (Tamarindus indica), Chinese transcription € Mffi 

 an-mi-lo, *am-mi-la. Abu Mansur states that "there is a variety 

 sir-amlaj; some physicians erroneously read this name lir-amlaj, be- 

 lieving that it was administered in milk (iir) ; but this is a gross error, 

 for it is sir, and this is an Indian word, and amlaj signifies 'without 

 stone.' I was there where amlaj grows, and have seen it with my own 

 eyes." The etymology given is fantastic, but may have been com- 

 municated to the author in India. 



6(33). atmat, Nelumbium speciosum or Nelumbo nucifera (p. 205). 

 "It is a kernel like an Indian hazel-nut. Its effect is like that of Orchis 

 morio. It is the seed of Nymphcea alba indica, and is as round as the 

 Indian hazel-nut." Both the botanical identification and the trans- 

 lation appear to me somewhat questionable. Cf. No. 47. 



7(36). azadraxt, azddiraxt, Melia azadiracta. Abu Mansur adds 

 SiSian as the Arabic name of the plant. Ibn al-Baitar (Leclerc, Vol. I, 



1 Grundr. iran. Philol., Vol. I, pt. 2, p. 7. 



2 Hubschmann, Pers. Studien, p. 87. 



