Religion and Magic 297 



themselves. The beings who appear in this way talk directly with the 

 people; they offer advice, give information concerning affairs in the 

 spirit world, and oftentimes they mingle with the people on equal 

 terms, joining in their dances and taking a lively interest in their daily 

 affairs. 



The people seldom pray to or supplicate the invisible spirits ; but 

 when they are present in the bodies of the mediums, they make re- 

 quests, and ask advice, as they would from any friend or acquaintance. 

 With many, the Tinguian is on amicable terms, while toward Kaboniyan 

 he exhibits a degree of respect and gratitude which is close to affection. 

 He realizes that there are many unfriendly spirits, but he has means 

 of controlling or thwarting their evil designs ; and hence he does not 

 live in that state of perpetual fear which is so often pictured as the 

 condition of the savage. 



The Spirits. — A great host of unnamed spirits are known \o 

 exist; they often attend the ceremonies and sometimes enter the bodies 

 of the mediums, and in this way new figures appear from time to time. 

 In addition to these, there are certain superior beings who are well 

 known, and who, as already indicated, exercise a potent influence on 

 the daily life of the people. The following list will serve to give some 

 idea of these spirits and their attributes ; while the names of the less 

 important will be found in connection with the detailed description of 

 the ceremonies. 



Kadaklan ("the greatest"), a powerful male spirit, who lives in the 

 sky, created the earth, sun, moon, and stars. The stars are only stones, 

 but the sun and moon are lights. At times Kadaklan enters the body of 

 a favored medium, and talks directly with the people; but more fre- 

 quently he takes other means of communication. Oftentimes he sends 

 his dog Kimat, the lightening, to bite a tree or strike a field or house, 

 and in this way makes known his wish that the owner celebrate the 

 PcidTam ceremony (cf. p. 401). All other beings are in a measure sub- 

 servient to him, and his wishes are frequently made known through 

 them. Thunder is his drum with which he amuses himself during 

 stormy weather, but sometimes he plays on it even on clear days. 



AgEmEm is the wife of Kadaklan. She lives in the ground. Little 

 is known of her except that she has given birth to two sons, 1 whose 

 chief duty is to see that the commands of their father are obeyed. 



Adam and Baliyen are the sons of Kadaklan. The name of the 



1 In Manabo it is said that there are five sons, who reside in the spirit 

 houses known as tangpap, alalot, and pangkew. 



