284 The Tinguian 



who refuse to obey the customs ; sometimes they are brought about 

 by mortals who practise magic, or by individuals themselves as punish- 

 ment for violated taboos ; and finally violent death is recognized as 

 coming from human agency. 



The methods of cajoling the spirits, of overcoming magic, and 

 thwarting evil designs are discussed in another chapter (cf. pp. 295 

 et seq.). If all these fail, and the patient dies, the family and relatives 

 at once don old garments, and enter on a period of mourning, while 

 friends and relatives assist in the disposal of the corpse. 



A funeral is a great event in a Tinguian village. The dead is 

 bathed, "so that his spirit 1 may be clean," and is placed in a bamboo 

 seat at the end of the house. This seat, which is known as sangddel, 

 is constructed by placing three long bamboo poles against the wall 

 and resting a frame of bamboo slats on them, to a height of about 

 three feet. A mat is attached to the top, and is stretched onto the 

 floor in front. 



The corpse is dressed in its best garments, beads and silver wire 

 surround its neck, while above and about it are many valuable blankets, 

 belts, clouts, woven skirts, and the like, which the spirit is to take 

 with him to the ancestors in Maglawa, his future home. A live chicken 

 is placed behind the chair as an offering, but following the funeral 

 it becomes the property of the friend, who removes the poles from 

 the house. The flesh of a small pig is also offered to the spirits, while 

 the intestines are hung just outside the door, until the body is buried. 

 In the yard at the north-east corner of the house stands an inverted 

 rice-mortar on which is a dish of basi, — an offering to the spirit Al-lot, 

 who in return prevents the people from becoming angry. 



The needs of the spirit of the deceased are looked after by the 

 members of the family. It is their duty to place two small jars of 

 liquor near to the corpse and to bring food to it, when the others 

 are eating. 



Up to this point only those spirits who attend the ceremony with 

 friendly intent have been provided for, but the Tinguian realize that 

 there are others who must be kept at a distance or at least be com- 

 pelled to leave the body unharmed. The first of these evil beings to 

 be guarded against is Kadongayan, 2 who in former times used to 

 attend each funeral and amuse himself by sliting the mouth of the 



1 The spirit of the dead is generally known as kalading, but in Manabo 

 it is called kal-kolayo and in Likuan alalya; in Ilokano, al-alid means "phantom" 

 or "ghost." 



' In some villages SElday is the spirit against whom this precaution is taken. 



