236 The Tinguian 



culture radically different from one another — institutions and group- 

 ings which they brought with them to the Philippines, and which they 

 have maintained up to the present time. 



To the first series belong the Igorot 1 with their institutions of trial 

 marriage ; division of their settlements into social and political units 

 known as ato; separate dormitories for unmarried men and women ; 

 government by the federated divisions of a village as represented by 

 the old men ; and a peculiar and characteristic type of dwelling. 



In the second wave series we find the Apayo, the western division 

 at least of the people known as Kalinga, the Tinguian, and Ilocano. 2 

 In none of these groups do we find the institutions just mentioned. 

 Trial unions are unknown, and marriage restrictions are based solely 

 on blood relationship ; government is through the headman aided by 

 the elders of his village, or is a pure democracy. Considerable varia- 

 tion exists between the dwellings of these four peoples, yet they con- 

 form to a general type which is radically different from that of the 

 Igorot. 



The Apayao and Kalinga divisions of this second wave series, by 

 reason of their environment, their more isolated localities and conse- 

 quent lack of frequent communication with the coast, have a simpler 

 culture than that of the Tinguian; yet they have, during many genera- 

 tions, developed certain traits and institutions now apparently peculiar 

 to them. The Tinguian and Ilocano, on the other hand, have had the 

 advantages of outside communication of extensive trade, and the ad- 

 mixture of a certain amount of foreign blood. 



These last two groups evidently left their ancient home as a unit, 

 at a time prior to the Hindu domination of Java and Sumatra, but 

 probably not until the influence of that civilization had begun to make 

 itself felt. Traces of Indian culture are still to be found in the lan- 

 guage, folklore, religion, and economic life of this people, while the 

 native script which the Spanish found in use among the Ilocano seems, 

 without doubt, to owe its origin to that source. 



After reaching Luzon, this people slowly broke up into groups 

 which spread out over the provinces of Ilocos Sur and Norte, Union 

 and Abra. The partial isolation of some of these divisions, local feuds, 

 the universal custom of head-hunting, and the need of human victims 

 to accompany the spirits of the dead, all doubtless aided in separating 



1 The Bontoc Igorot is taken as one of the least influenced and most typical 

 of the Igorot groups. 



2 On this point see Cole, The Distribution of the Non-Christian Tribes 

 of Northwestern Luzon {American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. XI, 1909, 

 PP. 329-347)- 



