Introduction 237 



the tribe into a number of dialect groups, — groups which nevertheless 

 retained the old culture to a surprising degree. 



Long before the arrival of the Spanish, Chinese and Japanese trad- 

 ers were visiting the Ilocos coasts. We are also informed that mer- 

 chants from Macao and India went there from time to time, while trade 

 relations with Pangasinan and the Tagalog provinces were well de- 

 veloped. 



The leavening influennce of trade and contact with other peoples 

 resulted in such advancement that this people was early mentioned 

 as one of the six "civilized" tribes of the Philippines. 



Upon the arrival of Salcedo, the greater portion of the coast people 

 accepted the rule of Spain and the Christian religion, while the more 

 conservative element retired to the interior, and there became merged 

 with the mountain people. To the Spaniards, the Christianized na- 

 tives became known as Ilocano, while the people of the mountain 

 valleys were called Tinguian, or mountain dwellers. 



If the foregoing sketch is correct, as I believe the data which follow 

 prove it to be, we find in the Tinguian of to-day a people living much 

 the same sort of life as did the members of the more advanced groups 

 at the time of the Spanish invasion, and we can study in them early 

 Philippine society stripped of its European veneer. 



This second and concluding section of Volume XIV gives the 

 greater part of the results of an investigation carried on by me with 

 the assistance of Mrs. Cole among the Tinguian, from January, 1907, 

 to June, 1908; the funds for which were furnished Field Museum of 

 Natural History by the late Robert F. Cummings. The further gen- 

 erosity of Mrs. Cummings, in contributing a fund toward the printing 

 of this publication is also gratefully acknowledged. 



A collection of texts and a study of the language are contemplated 

 for a separate volume, as is also the detailed treatment of the anthropo- 

 metric data. 



For the transcription of the phonograph records and the chapter 

 on Music, I am indebted to Mr. Albert Gale. His painstaking analysis 

 establishes beyond question the value of the phonograph as an aid 

 in ethnographic research. 



The photographs, unless otherwise noted, were taken by the author 

 in the field. 



