242 The Tinguian 



ships from China, Macao, and India "are accustomed to anchor in 

 these ports — and all to the advantage of this district." 1 



That pre-Spanish trade was not restricted to the Ilocos provinces, 

 but was active along the whole northern coast of Luzon has been 

 amply proved by many writers. In fact, the inhabitants of Pangasinan 

 not only had trade relations with Borneo, Japan, and China, 2 but it now 

 seems probable that they can be identified as the Ping-ka-shi-lan who, 

 as early as 1406, sent an embassy to China with gifts of horses, silver, 

 and other objects for the emperor Yung-lo. 3 



Trade relations of an even earlier date are evident throughout all 

 this area, in the presence far in the interior of Chinese pottery of the 

 fourteenth century and possibly of the tenth. 4 



With friendly relations so long established, it is to be expected 

 that many evidences of Chinese material culture would be found in all 

 the northern provinces; and it is not unlikely that a considerable 

 amount of Chinese blood may have been introduced into the popula- 

 tion in ancient times, as it has been during the historic period. It 

 does not seem probable, however, that either the influence of Chinese 

 blood or culture need have been stronger in the Ilocos provinces than 

 in the other regions which they visited. 



When Salcedo attempted a landing at Vigan, he was at first op- 

 posed ; but the superior weapons of the Spaniards quickly overcame 

 all resistance, and the invaders took possession of the city, which they 

 rechristened Fernandino. From this center they carried on an ener- 

 getic campaign of reduction and Christianization. As fast as the na- 

 tives accepted the rule of Spain, they were baptized and taken into the 

 church, and so rapid was the process that by 1587 the Ilocano were 

 reported to be Christianized. 5 In fact, force played such a part that 



1 Historical references to this trade, as well as to the Spanish invasion of 

 Ilocos, will be found in Reyes, Historia de Ilocos, Manila, 1890; Fray Gas- 

 par de S. Augustin, Conquista de las Islas Filipinas (Manila, 1698), p. 267; 

 Medina, Historia, translated in Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands, 

 Vol. XXIII, pp. 279, et seq. See also translation of Loarca and others in same 

 publication, Vol. Ill, p. 73, note; Vol. V, p. 109; Vol. XV, p. 51; Vol. XVII, 

 p. 285. 



' Loraca, 1582, translated in Blair and Robertson, op. cit., Vol. V, p. 105. 



3 Laufer, Relations of the Chinese to the Philippine Islands (Smithsonian 

 Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. I, pp. 256, et seq.) 



* Cole and Laufer, Chinese Pottery in the Philippines (Field Museum 

 of Natural History, Vol. XII, No. 1). 



5 Blair and Robertson, op. cit., Vol. XVII, p. 285 ; also III, p. 73, note ; 

 V, p. 109; XV, p. 51. 



