Geographical Relations and History 243 



Fray Martin de Herrada, who wrote from Ilocos in June, 1574, pro- 

 tested that the reduction was accomplished through fear, for if the 

 people remained in their villages and received the rule of Spain and 

 the Church, they were accepted as friends and forthwith compelled 

 to pay tribute; but if they resisted and fled to other settlements, the 

 troops followed and pillaged and laid waste their new dwellings. 1 



Paralleling the coast, a few miles inland, is a range of mountains 

 on the far side of which lie the broad valleys of the Abra river and 

 its tributaries. The more conservative elements of the population re- 

 treated to the mountain valleys, and from these secure retreats bade 

 defiance to the newcomers and their religion. To these mountaineers 

 was applied the name Tinguianes — a term at first used to designate 

 the mountain dwellers throughout the Islands, but later usually re- 

 stricted to his tribe. 2 The Tinguian themselves do not use or know 

 the appellation, but call themselves Itneg, a name which should be used 

 for them but for the fact that they are already established in literature 

 under the former term. 



Although they were in constant feuds among themselves, the inoun - 

 tain people do not appear to have given the newcomers much trouble 

 until toward the end of the sixteenth century, when hostile raids 

 against the coast settlements became rather frequent. To protect the 

 Christianized natives, as well as to aid in the conversion of these 

 heathens, the Spanish, in 1598, entered the valley of the Abra and 

 established a garrison at the village of Bangued. 3 



As before, the natives abandoned their homes and retreated several 

 miles farther up the river, where they established the settlement of 

 Lagangilang. 



From Bangued as a center, the Augustinian friars worked tire- 

 lessly to convert the pagans, but with so little success that San An- 

 tonio, 4 writing in 1738, says of the Tinguian, that little fruit was 



'Blair and Robertson, op. cit., Vol. XXXIV, pp. 287, et seq. 



'Colin (Labor Evangelica, Chap. IV Madrid 1663), calls the Manguian of 

 Mindoro and the Zambal, Tingues. Morga, Chirino, and Ribera also use the 

 same name for the natives of Basilan, Bohol, and Mindanao (see Blair and 

 Robertson, op cit., Vols. IV, p. 300; X, p. 71; XIII, pp. 137,205). Later writ- 

 ers have doubtless drawn on these accounts to produce the weird descriptions 

 sometimes given of the Tinguian now under discussion. It is said (op. cit., 

 Vol. XL, p. 97, note) that the radical ngian, in Pampanga, indicates "ancient," 

 a meaning formerly held in other Philippine languages, and hence Tinguian 

 would probably mean "old or ancient, or aboriginal mountain dwellers." 



"Reyes, Historia de Ilocos, p. 151 (Manila, 1890), also Filipinas articulos 

 varios, p. 345 (Manila, 1887) ; Blair and Robertson, op. cit., Vol. XIV, 

 pp. 158-159; Vol. XXVIII, p. 167). 



4 Blair and Robertson, op. cit., Vol. XXVIII, p. 158. 



