Geographical Relations and History 245 



the desired results, all the nearby villages of the Tinguian were in- 

 corporated with the civilized pueblos, and thereafter they had to fur- 

 nish the major part of all taxes and most of the forced labor. 



Following the appointment of Gov. Esteban de Pennarubia in 1868, 

 the tribesmen suffered still greater hardships. Under his orders all 

 those who refused baptism were to be expelled from the organized 

 communities, an edict which meant virtual banishment from their old 

 homes and confiscation of their property. Further, no Tinguian in 

 native dress was to be allowed to enter the towns. "Conversions" in- 

 creased with amazing rapidity, but when it was learned that many of 

 the new converts still practiced their old customs, the governor had 

 the apostates seized and imprisoned. The hostile attitude of Penna- 

 rubia encouraged adventurers from the coast in the seizure of lands 

 and the exploitation of the pagans, and thus a deep resentment was 

 added to the dislike the Tinguian already held for "the Christians." 

 Yet, despite the many causes for hostility, steady trade relations have 

 been maintained between the two groups, and the influence of the Ilo- 

 cano has been increasingly strong. A little more than a half century 

 ago head-hunting was still common even in the valley of Abra, where 

 it is now practically unknown. As a matter of dire necessity the 

 mountain people made raids of reprisal against the hostile Igorot vil- 

 lages on the eastern side of the great mountain range, and it is still 

 the proud boast of many a man in the vicinity of Manabo that he took 

 part in the raid which netted that village a score of heads from the 

 towns of Balatok and Lubuagan. But, as will be seen later, head- 

 hunting was by no means limited to forays against other tribes ; local 

 feuds, funeral observances, and the desire for renown, all encouraged 

 the warriors to seek heads even from nearby settlements. Those incen- 

 tives have not been entirely removed, 'and an occasional head is still 

 taken in the mountain districts, but the influence of the Ilocano, 

 backed by Spanish and American authority, is rapidly making this 

 sport a thing of the past. 



The rule of Governor Pennarubia had so embittered the Tinguian 

 against the "white man" that a considerable number joined the in- 

 surrecto troops to fight against the Spaniards and Americans. These 

 warriors, armed with spears, shields, and head-axes, made their way 

 to Malolos, where they joined the Filipino troops the day of the first 

 American bombardment. The booming of cannon and the bursting 

 of shells were too much for the warriors, and, as they express it, "the 

 first gun was the beginning of their going home." 



Friendly relations with the insurgents were early destroyed by 



