248 The Tinguian 



blances, and the fact that the Tinguian blacken their teeth and tattoo 

 their bodies, are convinced that they are the descendants of Japanese 

 castaways; while Moya 1 states that the features, dress, and customs 

 of this people indicate their migration from the region of the Red 

 Sea in pre-Mohammedan times. 



Finally, Quatrefages and Hamy are quoted as regarding the Tin- 

 guian as modern examples of "the Indonesian, an allophylic branch 

 of the pure white race, non-Aryan, therefore, who went forth from 

 India about 500 B. C." 2 



Dr. Barrows 3 classes all the pagan tribes of northern Luzon — the 

 pygmies excepted — with the Igorot, a position assailed by Worces- 

 ter, 4 particularly in regard to the Tinguian; but the latter writer is 

 convinced that the Apayao and Tinguian are divisions of the same 

 people, who have been separated only a comparatively short time. 



In the introduction to the present volume (p. 236) I have expressed 

 the opinion that the Tinguian and Ilocano are identical, and that they 

 form one of the waves of a series which brought the Apayao and 

 western Kalinga to northern Luzon, a wave which reached the Islands 

 at a later period than that represented by the Igorot, and which 

 originated in a somewhat different region of southeastern Asia. 



In order to come to a definite decision concerning these various 

 theories, we shall inquire into the cultural, linguistic, and physical types 

 of the people concerned. 



The most striking cultural differences between the Igorot and the 

 Tinguian, indicated in the introduction, will be brought out in more 

 detail in the following pages, as will also the evidence of Chinese in- 

 fluence in this region. Here it needs only to be restated, that there 



1 Quoted by Paterno, La antigua civilizacion Tagalog, pp. 122-123 (Madrid, 

 1887). 



' Brinton, The Peoples of the Philippines (Am. Anthropologist, Vol. XI, 

 1892, p. 297). See also De Quatrefages, Histoire generate des races hu- 

 maines, pp. 515-517. 527-528. 



' Census of the Philippine Islands of 1903, PP- 453-477- 



4 The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon (Philippine Journal of 

 Science, Vol. I, pp. 798, 851, Manila, 1906). 



s Blumentritt (Ethnographie der Philippinen, Introduction; also American 

 Anthropologist, Vol. XI, 1808, p. 296) has advanced the theory of three Malay 

 invasions into the Philippines. To the first, which is put at about 200 b. c, be- 

 long the Igorot, Apayao, and Tinguian, but the last are considered as of a later 

 period. The second invasion occurred about a.d. 100-500, and includes the 

 Tagalog, Visaya, Ilocano, and other alphabet-using peoples. The third is rep- 

 resented by the Mohammedan groups which began to enter the Islands in the 

 fourteenth century. 



