Physical Type and Relationships 249 



are radical differences in social organization, government, house- 

 building, and the like, between the Igorot-Ifugao groups, and the 

 Ilocano-Tinguian-Apayao-Kalinga divisions. 



All the tribes of northwestern Luzon belong to the same linguistic 

 stock which, in turn, is closely related to the other Philippine lan- 

 guages. There are local differences sufficiently great to make it im- 

 possible for people to communicate when first brought together, but 

 the vocabularies are sufficiently alike, and the morphology of the 

 dialects is so similar that it is the task of only a short time for a 

 person conversant with one idiom to acquire a speaking and under- 

 standing knowledge of any other in this region. It is important to 

 note that these dialects belong to the Philippine group, and there seems 

 to be very little evidence of Chinese influence 1 either in structure or 

 vocabulary. 2 



The various descriptions of the physical types have been of such 

 a conflicting nature that it seems best at this point to present rather 

 detailed descriptions of the Tinguian, Ilocano, and Apayao, and to 

 compare these with the principal measurements of the other tribes 

 and peoples under discussion. 



For purposes of comparison, the Tinguian have been divided into 

 a valley and mountain group ; for, as already indicated, there has been 

 a considerable movement of the mixed Kalinga-Igorot people of the 

 upper Saltan (Malokbot) river, of Guinaan Lubuagan and Balatok, 

 into the mountain districts of Abra, and these immigrants becoming 

 merged into the population have modified the physical type to a cer- 

 tain extent. 



In the detailed description of the Ilocano, all the subjects have 

 been drawn from the cities of Bangued in Abra, and Vigan in Ilocos 

 Sur, in order to eliminate, so far as possible, the results of recent in- 

 termixture with the Tinguian, — a process which is continually taking 

 place in all the border towns. The more general tabulation includes 

 Ilocano from all the northern provinces. 



1 Brinton (Am. Anthropologist, Vol. XI, 1898, p. 302) states that the Ilo- 

 cano of northwestern Luzon are markedly Chinese in appearance and speech, 

 but he fails to give either authorities or examples to substantiate this claim. For 

 Indian influence on Philippine dialects, see Pardo de Tavera, El sanscrito e la 

 lingua tagalog (Paris, 1887) ; also Williams, Manual and Dictionary of Ilo- 

 cano (Manila, 1907). 



2 A detailed study of the language is not presented in this volume. The 

 author has a large collection of texts which will be published at a later date, 

 together with a study of the principal Tinguian dialects. A short description 

 of the Ilocano language, by the writer, will be found in the New International 

 Encyclopaedia. 



