390 The Tinguian 



water is poured on the growing shoots. The more common method of 

 sprouting, however, is to select a piece of land, which will receive 

 the full benefit of the rainfall and to break this with a plow drawn 

 by a carabao. 



When the seed beds have been planted, the people go to the fields, 

 repair the embankments, and admit the water. The straw remaining 

 from the previous crop is allowed to rot, for a time, and then the 

 ground is gone over with a bamboo harrow (patl-id), 1 as shown in 

 Fig. 15, No. 3, to remove weeds, branches, and the like. Wherever it is 

 possible, the soil is broken with a plow, alado (Plate L), but in fields to 

 which animals cannot be taken, the ground is turned by means of sharp- 

 ened sticks, or poles tipped with iron, which are driven into the soil and 

 forced forward, thus pushing the earth above them into the water. 2 

 As will be seen from the accompanying drawing (Fig. 15, Nos. 2-2a), 

 the plow is constructed entirely of wood except for the iron share, 

 and conforms closely to that used in Java, Celebes, Sumatra, Burma, 

 and Annam. 3 



Within a few days after the plowing, the soil is further broken 

 by dragging it with a harrow, made by driving wooden pegs into a 

 heavy board, or into large bamboo tubes (Fig. 15, No. 4). A worker 

 stands on this, and is dragged about the field, leveling it, and at the 

 same time pulling out sticks, roots, and any other matter of sufficient 

 bulk to interfere with the planting. 



Two types of sleds (Fig. 15, Nos. 5-6) are used in connection with 

 the rice culture, as well as in general transportation. The first consists 

 of rude wooden runners on which a bamboo flooring is laid. The second 

 has narrow runners, which are hewn with considerable care, while 

 sides of flattened bamboo convert the sled into an open box. The first 

 type (pasagad) is used principally during the wet season for the trans- 

 portation of plows, harrows, and the like, the wide runners slipping 

 through the mud without becoming mired. The use of the latter (kal- 

 ison) is restricted to the dry season, when it is of particular advantage 

 in moving the rice. Wheeled vehicles are not employed in any part of 



1 A similar device is employed in Java. See Freeman and Chandler, The 

 World's Commercial Products, p. 36 (Boston, 1911). 



* The latter is the customary method among the Bontoc Igorot. See Jenks, 

 The Bontoc Igorot, p. 94. 



* Raffles, History of Java, 2d ed„ Vol. I, p. 125, also plate VIII (London, 

 1820); Marsden, op. cit., p. 74; Freeman and Chandler, op. cit., p. 29. Both 

 Raffles and Marsden consider this type of plow of Chinese origin. The Tinguian 

 name alado is doubtless a corruption of the Spanish arado, but this of course 

 would not prove that the plow itself was derived from the Spaniards. 



