Economic Life 397 



sociated with the cultivation and care of the rice-recall, in several in- 

 stances, details of such ceremonies in Java. 



If Tinguian rice culture did come from the south, through trade 

 or migration, in comparatively recent times we should expect to find 

 evidences of the same culture distributed along the route by which 

 it must have traveled. We find, however, that few terraces exist in 

 Mindanao and northern Borneo ; and the former, at least, are of recent 

 introduction. 1 There is also negative evidence that such fields were 

 rare along the coasts at the time of the Spanish invasion. In the early 

 documents we meet with frequent statements that the people were 

 agriculturists and raised considerable quantities of rice and vegetables 

 in their clearings ; but the writer has discovered only two instances in 

 which mention is made of terraced fields. 2 Had extensive terraces* ex- 

 isted on the coast, it seems certain that some notice must have been 

 taken of them. Yet in the mountains of central and northwestern 

 Luzon, in districts remote from coast influences, are found some of 

 the most remarkable fields of this type in Malaysia ; terraces represent- 

 ing such an expenditure of labor that they argue for a long period of 

 construction. 



The proof is not absolute, but, in view of the foregoing, the writer 

 is inclined to the belief that the Igorot and the Tinguian brought their 

 rice culture with them- from the south, and that the latter received it 

 from a source common to them and to the people of Java and Sumatra. 



Many writers who have discussed the rice culture of the East 

 Indies are inclined to credit its introduction to Indian colonists, 3 but 



'Hose and McDougall (Pagan Tribes of Borneo, Vol. II, pp. 246-7) con- 

 sider the terraced rice culture of the Murut, of northern Borneo, a recent 

 acquisition either from the Philippines or from Annam. 



* Lavezaris, writing in 1569-76, states that the natives, of no specified district, 

 "have great quantities of provisions which they gathered from irrigated fields" 

 (Blair and Robertson, Philippine Islands, Vol. Ill, p. 269). In Vol. VIII, 

 pp. 250-251, of the same publication, is a record of the expedition to Tue, 

 in the mountains at the southern end of Nueva Viscaya. According to this 

 account, the natives of that section were, in 1592, gathering two crops of rice, 

 "one being irrigated, the other allowed to grow by itself." 



* For the history and extent of terraced field rice-culture, see Freeman and 

 Chandler, The World's Commercial Products (Boston, 1911) ; Ratzel, History 

 of Mankind, Vol. I, pp. 426, et seq. (London, 1896) ; Ferrars, Burma, pp. 48, 

 et seq. (London, 1901) ; Bezmer, Door Nederlandsch Oost-Indie, p. 232 

 (Groningen, 1906) ; Hose and McDougall, Pagan Tribes of Borneo, Vol. II, 

 p. 246; Perry, Manchester Memoirs, Vol. LX, pt. 2, 1915-16; Wallace. The 

 Malay Archipelago, pp. 117, 126 (London, 1894); Cabaton, Java and the Dutch 

 East Indies, p. 213, note (London, 191 1) ; Meyier, Irrigation in Java, Transac- 

 tions of the American Soc. of Civil Engineers, Vol. LIV, pt. 6 (New York, 

 1008) ; Bernard, Amenagement des eaux a Java, irrigation des rizieres (Paris 

 1903) ; Crawfurd, History of the Indian Archipelago, Vol. 1, pp. 358, et seq. 

 (Edinburgh, 1820). 



