CONCLUSIONS 



The first impression gained by the student of Philippine ethno- 

 logy is that there is a fundamental unity of the Philippine peoples, 

 the Negrito excepted, not only in blood and speech, but in religious 

 beliefs and practices, in lore, in customs, and industries. It is 

 realized that contact with outside nations has in many ways ob- 

 scured the older modes of thought, and has often swamped native 

 crafts, while each group has doubtless developed many of its present 

 customs on Philippine soil; yet it seems that enough of the old still 

 remains to proclaim them as a people with a common ancestry. 

 To what extent this belief is justified can be answered, in part, by 

 the material in the preceding pages. 



A study of the physical types has shown that each group con- 

 sidered is made up of heterogeneous elements. Pigmy blood is 

 everywhere evident, but aside from this there is a well-marked 

 brachycephalic and a dolichocephalic element. With the latter is a 

 greater tendency than with the first for the face to be angular ; the 

 cheek bones are more outstanding, while there is a greater length 

 and breadth of the nose. Individuals of each type are found in all 

 the groups considered, but taken in the average, it is found that the 

 Ilocano and Valley Tinguian fall into the first or round-headed 

 class, the Bontoc Igorot are mesaticephalic, while between them are 

 the mountain Tinguian and Apayao. 



Judging from their habitat and the physical data, it appears that 

 the Igorot groups were the first comers; that the brachycepnalic 

 Ilocano-Tinguian arrived later and took possession of the coast, and 

 that the two groups have intermarried to form the intermediate 

 peoples. However, a comparison of our Luzon measurements with 

 the people of southern China and the Perak Malay leads us to 

 believe that the tribes of northwestern Luzon are all closely related 

 to the dominant peoples of southern China, Indo-China, and Malay- 

 sia in general, in all of which the intermingling of these types is 

 apparent. 



The dialects of northwestern Luzon, while not mutually intelli- 

 gible, are similar in morphology, and have a considerable part of 

 their vocabularies in common. Here again the Igorot is at one 

 extreme, the Ilocano and Valley Tinguian at the other, while the 



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