ULMACE^ 291 



cent below, especially on the stout midribs and the numerous straight veins running 

 to the points of the teeth and connected by obscure cross veinlets, turning in the 

 autumn bright clear yellow; their petioles pubescent, about \' long; stipules ovate- 

 lanceolate, conspicuously veined, light green, marked with dark red on the margins 

 above the middle, f long, clasping the stem by their abruptly enlarged cordate 

 bases, conspicuously dentate, with 1-3 prominent teeth on each side, falling when the 

 leaves are half grown. Flowers on elongated slender drooping pedicels often 1' 

 long, in 2-4, usually in 3, flowered puberulous cymes becoming more or less race- 

 mose by the lengthening of the axis of the inflorescence, and when fully grown some- 

 times 2' in length; calyx green, divided nearly to the middle into 7 or 8 rounded 

 dark red scarious lobes; anthers dark purple; ovary coated with long pale hairs most 

 abundant on the margins ; styles light green. Fruit ripening when the leaves are 

 about half grown, ovate or obovate-oblong, i' long, with a shallow open notch at the 

 apex, obscurely veined, pale pubescent, ciliate on the slightly thickened border of 

 the broad wing, the margin of the seminal cavity scarcely thickened. 



A tree, 80-100 high, with a trunk occasionally 3 in diameter, and often free of 

 branches for 60, short stout spreading branches forming a narrow round-topped 

 head, and slender rigid branchlets, light brown when they first appear, and coated 

 with soft pale pubescence often persistent until their second season, becoming light 

 reddish browai, puberulous or glabrous and lustrous in their first winter, and marked 

 by scattered oblong lenticels and large orbicular or semiorbicular leaf-scars display- 

 ing an irregular row of 4-6 fibro-vascular bundle-scars, ultimately dark brown or 

 ashy gray, and usually furnished with 3 or 4 thick corky irregular wings often i' 

 broad, and beginning to appear in the first or more often during the second year. 

 Winter-buds ovate, acute, Y long, with broadly ovate rounded chestnut-brown 

 scales pilose on the outer surface, ciliate on the margins, the inner scales becoming 

 ovate-oblong to lanceolate, and ^' long, often dentate at the base, with 1 or 2 minute 

 teeth on each side, bright green below the middle, marked with a red blotch above, 

 and white and scarious at the apex. Bark |'-1' thick, gray tinged with red, and 

 deeply divided by wade irregular interrupted fissures into broad flat ridges broken 

 on the surface into large irregularly shaped scales. Wood heavy, hard, very strong 

 and tough, close-grained, light clear brown often tinged with red, with thick lighter 

 colored sapwood; largely employed in the manufacture of many agricultural imple- 

 ments, for the framework of chairs, hubs of wheels, railway-ties, the sills of build- 

 ings, and other purposes demanding toughness, solidity, and flexibility. 



Distribution. Dry gravelly uplands, low heavy clay soils, rocky slopes and 

 river cliffs; Province of Quebec westward through Ontario, sotithward through north- 

 ern New Hampshire to southern Vermont, and to northern New Jersey, and west- 

 ward through northern New York, southern Michigan, and central Wisconsin to 

 northeastern Nebraska and western Missouri; rare in the east and toward the ex- 

 treme western and southern limits of its range; most abundant and of its largest 

 size in Ontario and the southern peninsula of Michigan. 



Occasionally planted as a shade and ornamental tree in the northern states. 



3. Ulmus alata, Michx. Wahoo. Winged Elm. 



Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, acute or 

 acuminate, unequally wedge-shaped or rounded or subcordate at the base, and 

 coarsely doubly serrate, with incurved teeth, when they unfold pale green often 

 tinged with red, coated on the lower surface with soft white pubescence and gla- 



