INTRO D UCTION. 9 



Macromastix is Australian as well as Chilian. Our large Dragon- 

 fly, Uropetala, is related to Petalura of Australia, and Phenes of 

 Chili. In the Coleoptera there are the genera Tropopterus and 

 Lagrioda. In the Lepidoptera we have the butterfly Argyro- 

 p/ienga, and the moths Gonophylla, Drepanodes, and other of the 

 Notodontind) which are more nearly related to Chilian species 

 than to those of Australia, as also are the species of Diptychophora 

 and Siculodes in the Pyralidina. Our fresh-water Crayfish, 

 Paranephrops, is also closely related to those of Australia and 

 South America. 



The earthworms of the genus Microsolex are chiefly South 

 American, but they are found in California and Madeira as well. 

 The distribution of the little fresh-water, external parasitic worms 

 called Temnocephala is very instructive. They occur not only in 

 New Zealand and Australia but also in Mexico, Brazil, and Chili, 

 .as well as in the Malay Archipelago, the Philippine Islands, and 

 Madagascar. They usually live on fresh-water crayfish ; but in 

 the Malay Archipelago they live upon fresh-water crabs ; and in 

 Brazil on fresh-water Chelonians and on Ampullaria. In both 

 these places there are no fresh-water crayfish. 



The Nearctic Element. We find a small Nearctic element in 

 the May-flies, Coloburiscus and Aineletus, found only in New 

 Zealand and North America. Also in the fresh-water shell Latia, 

 which is living in New Zealand and fossil in North America. It 

 is closely related to Gundlachia, which inhabits Tasmania and 

 North America. The little leach Microbdella Nova Zealandicz 

 is also congeneric with a species from North Carolina. 



The Palcearctic Element. We have also some animals which 

 show a close connection with species of Europe and Northern 

 Asia, but which have no nearer relatives in the tropics. These 

 includes the so-called bipolar forms, most of which are marine. 



Among the whales we have the species of Balccnoptera and 

 Zip I tilts cavirostris, and perhaps all the southern baleen whales 

 should be included. The Black Teal (Fuligula None Zealandtce) 

 must also be looked upon as a bipolar form ; and it has a com- 

 panion in the extinct Anas (?) finschi, which, according to Van 

 Beneden, is closely allied to Clangula. 



Among the fishes we have some deep-sea forms like Hala- 



jgyreus johnstoni, Alepisaunts ferox, Argentina, and Lepidspus 



caudatus. But others do not inhabit the deep sea, e.g., Zens fabcr, 



Cyttus, Poiyprion, Conger vulgar is, Scy mutts lichia, Echinorhinus 



