THE BUILDINC; OK AN ISLAND. 25 



It appears, then, reasonable to suppose that alonij this conspicuous ridjre 

 there lies an axis of elevation and that the later lifting movements have thrown 

 off the waters on either hand and have likewise tilted the beds of limestone 

 rock, so that on its northeastern side they dip to the southeast and on its 

 southwestern side to the south, or in some places to west of south. 



To readers accustomed to studies of this sort the case will have been 

 obvious from the first, and it may seem that too manv words have already been 

 given to it; but for the sake of others to whom such studies are quite new it is 

 hoped that sonie further illustrations of the facts mav be permitted. We mav 

 again use the open book, with which the synclinal mmX the synclinal axis were 

 illustrated, only in this case the open book must be turned with its face to the 

 table instead of upwards, as usual; the leaves on each side will then represent 

 the strata of the atiticlinal and the back of the l)Ook will represent the anti- 

 clinal axis. As in the former case we may give the book a tilt from one end, 

 calling it the northern end, and if we further suppose a part of the back to be 

 cut away, we shall get a very fair illustration of the facts under review. 



The sketch map here given will further help to elucidate the case; it shows 

 the position of the axis and the dips of the strata of the anticlinal (to south- 

 east on the one side, to south bv west on the other). In the accompanying 

 section across the Barren Spot Valley from one old mill tower to the other, 

 the dotted arched lines show the positions once occupied bv the upheaved 

 limestone strata, the higher parts of which must have been cut away to form 

 the valley and to leave the strata showing on either hand the edges which we 

 now see. The (]uestion how thcv have been cut away, how the arch lias been 

 so broken down as to be converted into a hollow, is one of exceeding interest 

 and will become more and more plain as we proceed with our enquiries. 

 Already we have seen hints elsewhere that there have been such removals of 

 the rocks on a large scale, but it is best, so far at least as these pages are 

 concerned, to leave this question for further consideration later. 



If we now proceed to examine the west side of the anticlinal just con- 

 sidered, we find the whole block of low limestone hills, to which we have given 

 the name of the Kingshill Range, and which spreads south from Fredensborg, 

 to be made up of limestone strata having similar characteristics to the strata 

 of the Central Slope and all marked by dips to the south, as illustrated by the 

 open and turned down book. 



On its western side this hill block is abruptly terminated by the water- 

 course passing the estate Bethlehem, and w^e might suppose that on tiie farther 

 side of the watercourse we should meet with a change of dip, but instead of 

 such a change we find the southerly dip continued through the low hill running 

 westward, on which are situated the residences of the estates Bethlehem and 

 Golden Grove. At both these places the dip is onlv a trifle east of south. In 

 other words, the influence of the Mt. Eagle anticlinal extends to some distance 

 to the west of the Bethlehem watercourse. 



Proceeding a little farther west we find three other small and low limestone 

 hills to be examined. They are all separated from the small Bethlehem ridge 



