 Iceland: Unlike many of the other agreements the 

 EC inherited, the member country agreements with 

 Iceland did not involve common marine boundaries 

 and reciprocal fisheries. The Icelandic coastal zone 

 does not border on EC-member states.'" Several EC 

 countries, especially Britain, fished extensively off 

 Iceland, resulting in protracted confrontations. The 

 EC did not initially negotiate fisheries agreements 

 with Iceland, the only known agreement being with 

 Belgium. Belgian officials reached an agreement 

 with Icelandic authorities in 1975 (amended in 1979) 

 which allowed them to fish 4,500 tons annually in 

 Icelandic waters."* The agreement lapsed in 1985 

 and was not replaced. Iceland resisted fishing 

 agreements with the EC for many years, concerned 

 that massive EC fleets could quickly overfish their 

 resources. In recent years, however, Icelandic fish 

 processors have expanded their exports to the EC and 

 have shown an interest in reducing EC import tariffs 

 on processed, value-added Icelandic seafood 

 products. On May 2, 1992, Iceland and the 

 European Community signed an agreement on 

 fisheries and the marine environment."' The 

 agreement calls for annual consultations which may 

 result in the reciprocal granting of access by each 

 side to fishing vessels of the other party. The 

 agreement will last for 10 years.'" No quantities 

 were specified in the agreement which must be 

 negotiated each year. Although species and grounds 

 were not identified, it is likely that the fishing 

 grounds will be limited to the North Sea and that 

 Iceland will receive access to EC stocks of herring, 

 mackerel, and blue whiting in exchange for EC 

 quotas for redfish and possibly capelin in Icelandic 

 waters. 



 Faroe Islands: Under the terms on an agreement 

 signed in June 1980, vessels from the EC were 

 allowed access to waters off the Faroe Islands. EC 

 vessels from France, Germany, the UK, and 

 Denmark are permitted to catch cod, haddock, saithe, 

 redfish, blue ling, ling, and tusk in Faroese waters. 

 In return, Faroese fishermen are permitted to fish in 

 EC-claimed waters. '' The Faroese are also allowed 

 modest tariff concessions when marketing their 

 fishery products in the European Community. The 

 EC and the Faroe Islands reached a new agreement 

 on the terms of fishing in each other's waters in 

 1982. The terms of the new agreement allowed 



Faroese fishermen to catch about 21,000 tons, while 

 the EC quota in Faroese waters was set at about 

 19,000 tons." Additionally, Faroese fishermen were 

 permitted to harvest 750 tons of Atlantic salmon in 

 1982 and 625 tons in 1983." The two sides 

 subsequently extended the agreement several times. 

 EC fishermen in 1992, for example, were permitted 

 to harvest 44,660 tons in Faroese waters; 25,000 tons 

 consisted of blue whiting, 7,000 tons of redfish, 

 5,300 tons of mackerel, 3,600 tons of blue ling and 

 ling, 2,500 tons of saithe, 1,000 tons of flatfish, 500 

 tons of cod and haddock, and 760 tons of other 

 species. EC countries operating off the Faroes in 

 1992 included Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, 

 the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.'" 



 Norway: The EC reached an agreement with 

 Norway in 1980, which covers fishery stocks that 

 each party can fish. Access by all parties is allowed. 

 The agreement has allowed mostly French, German, 

 and British fishermen to harvest cod, haddock, saithe, 

 redfish, blue whiting, and halibut in Norwegian 

 waters. Norwegian fishermen, in turn, are permitted 

 to fish for mackerel, sprat, blue whiting, and shrimp 

 in EC waters." Aimual discussions have followed 

 each year since the initial meetings were held. In 

 1989, the EC received an allocation of 500,000 tons 

 in Norwegian waters in exchange for an allocation of 

 459,000 tons for Norwegian fishermen in the EC 

 zone. The principal species that the EC received 

 TACs for in the Norwegian zone for 1989 included 

 200,000 tons of Norway pout and sandeel, whereas 

 the Norwegians received an allocation of 215,000 

 tons for blue whiting in the EC zone.'* Norwegian 

 authorities have recently been faced by Caribbean- 

 flag fishing vessels operating in the "loophole" 

 between the Norwegian and Russian EEZs. There 

 are two areas which are not covered — one off 

 Svalbard and the other in the Barents Sea. In mid- 

 1993, several Caribbean-flag vessels began fishing in 

 the area." 



 Sweden: The EC negotiated an agreement with 

 Sweden which entered into force in April 1981 . The 

 agreement covers joint stocks in the Kattegat. It also 

 covered fishing for cod, herring, and Atlantic salmon 

 in the Baltic and North Sea." The quantities 

 provided in these reciprocal quotas are small. 

 Annual meetings have been held for many years. 



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