 Finland: The EC and Finland reached a reciprocal 

 fisheries agreement in July 1983 which allowed EC 

 vessels access to small quantities of Firmish salmon 

 in the Gulf of Bothnia. The EC provided small 

 North Sea herring allocations to Finish fishermen. '' 



 Latvia: The EC and Latvia reached a reciprocal 

 fisheries agreement in Riga on July 16, 1992, which 

 was ratified by the EC Council on March 2, 1993.^ 

 It provides reciprocal access to fishing grounds in the 

 Baltic Sea and fishing quotas, and joint venture 

 operations will be encouraged. The agreement will 

 last for 10 years. No quantities or species were 

 identified. 



 Lithuania: The EC and Lithuania reached a 

 fisheries agreement in Vilnus on July 14, 1992, 

 providing fishing quotas and reciprocal access to 

 fishing grounds in the Baltic Sea. Joint ventures will 

 be encouraged. The agreement will last for 10 years. 

 No quantities or species were identified. The EC 

 Council ratified the agreement on March 2, 1993.*' 



 Estonia: The EC and Estonia reached agreement 

 on a reciprocal fisheries agreement in Tallin on July 

 17, 1992. The agreement will permit an exchange of 

 fishing quotas, provide reciprocal access into fishing 

 grounds in the Baltic Sea, and establish joint venture 

 operations that will last for 10 years. No quantities 

 or species were identified. The agreement was 

 ratified by the EC Council on March 2, 1993."- 



 Russia: Negotiations between the EC and Russia 

 have been stalled. While a number of countries 

 believe that an agreement with Russia is necessary, 

 others are wary of dealing with Russians, especially 

 in view of the flood of white fish which disrupted EC 

 markets in 1993. Thus the status of talks with Russia 

 remains on hold." 



3. Mediterranean 



The EC has no fisheries agreements with any 

 Mediterranean country." Spanish, French, Greek, 

 Italian, and Portuguese fishermen, however, have 

 fished these waters for generations. Many have 

 established relationships with Mediterranean 

 countries, notably Yugoslavia, Libya and Tunisia." 

 These relationships included joint venture operations, 

 which were gradually ended during the 1980s.**' The 

 authors noted periodic press reports during the 1 980s 



of incidents and seizures of Italian fishermen by 

 Tunisian, Libyan or other Mediterranean countries. 

 The EC signed an agreement providing for a special 

 EC tariff quota for Tunisian sardines in 1984," 

 presumably part of an effort to obtain access for the 

 Italian fishermen which operated for years off both 

 Tunisia and Libya. The authors have no other 

 information on EC -Tunisian or Libyan cooperation.** 



4. Western Africa 



French, Greek, Portuguese, and Spanish 

 fishermen have fished along the coast of West Africa 

 for many generations. Much of this activity was 

 begun during the colonial administration and fostered 

 after independence during the 1950s and 1960s by the 

 contacts developed during the colonial period. It was 

 important that these bilateral agreements be taken 

 over by the EC because of the value or quantities of 

 fish or shellfish being caught in the waters of former 

 colonies. The tuna and other vessels specified in 

 each agreement are in many cases the same vessels 

 permitted by neighboring countries. The EC has 

 negotiated access to several countries for the same 

 vessels to allow them adequate access to migratory 

 stocks. The agreements negotiated by the EC are 

 generally for a 3-year term that can be easily 

 renewed. Each of these agreements varies, but 

 generally the most important element is a lump sum 

 payment by the EC to the local government. In 

 recent years, the coastal countries have sharply 

 escalated the payments demanded. These agreements 

 reached commonly include some or all of the 

 following provisions: 



• A lump sum payment each years; 



• Funds for scientific and technical research 

 programs involving local fisheries; 



• Cooperation with international research 

 programs; 



• Funding for fisheries scholarships or other 

 fisheries training; 



• Employment of indigenous fishermen on EC 

 vessels; 



• Landings of a portion of the catch for local 

 consumption or for processing at shore-based 

 plants; 



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