Argentines, however, continued to be so restrictive 

 that none of the distant-water countries with market 

 economies acceded to the Argentine conditions. 

 Argentina did finally sign agreements with the Soviet 

 Union and Bulgaria in 1986.'" While the Bulgarian 

 agreement proved to be short-lived, the Soviet 

 agreement endured. As a result, Soviet fishing in the 

 southwest Atlantic increased from less than 80,000 

 tons in 1986 to nearly 169,000 t in 1987 and 

 242,000-282,000 1 annually during 1988-90. Not all 

 of this catch was harvested within the Argentine 200- 

 mile zone, but the authors believe a substantial 

 quantity was. 



 Falkland Islands: Little European fishing was 

 conducted around the Falkland Islands during the 

 1960s and 1970s. The British made no attempt to 

 extend their coastal zones and fisheries enforcement 

 in the southeast Atlantic was conducted primarily by 

 the Argentines. This situation changed radically after 

 the Falklands confiict in 1982. The British 

 implemented a 150-mile Falkland Islands Protection 

 Zone (FIPZ) around the Falklands, primarily to 

 exclude Argentine naval vessels. As a result, distant- 

 water fishermen began to fish off the Falklands. This 

 increased effort was initiated by Polish, Japanese, and 

 Soviet fishermen, but the Republic of Korea has since 

 become a major participant. The distant-water effort 

 expanded so sharply that the British Government 

 became increasingly concerned about squid and other 

 stocks. The British Falkland Islands Government 

 implemented a 150-mile Falklands Interim 

 Conservation and Management Zone (FICMZ) in 

 1987 and began issuing fishing licenses. Spain and 

 other European countries also initiated fisheries. The 

 Spanish fishery is the largest, totaling 59,000 - 

 85,000 tons annually between 1986-90, mostly squid. 

 Other participating Western European countries 

 include Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and 

 the United Kingdom (See appendix 29-31).'"' 



 Chile: Spain and Chile signed a fisheries access 

 agreement in 1977, but the authors do not know of 

 any significant Spanish fishing conducted under the 

 agreement. Some fishing was conducted by Spanish 

 vessels, through various joint venture arrangements, 

 off southern Chile. Few details on these operations, 

 however, are available. A Chilean publication in 

 1980 reported on the foreign vessels operated in 

 Chile, several of which appeared to be Chilean. '■** 

 One Spanish publication referred to Spanish 



operations in 1983, but the authors have no more 

 recent written reports.'"^ The authors believe that 

 about 50,000 t of fish were taken by foreign vessels 

 off Chile in 1991, but most of it by a Japanese joint 

 venture.''" Spanish longliners apparently conduct 

 some operations in the southeast Pacific for swordfish 

 and other species that they are not reporting. Spanish 

 fishery trade associations have recently complained to 

 Spanish and Chilean Govenmient officials concerning 

 Chile's refusal to allow the Spanish vessels to 

 transship their catch in Chilean ports.''" 



 Peru: The authors know of no fishing by EC- 

 member countries in Peruvian waters, although there 

 have been a variety of fishery contacts."" 



 Ecuador: Press reports in the 1970s indicated that 

 Ecuador granted Spain a fisheries allocation of 

 60,000 tons,''' but the authors have no information 

 confirming that Spanish fishermen actually initiated 

 fishing operations off Ecuador. Various reports 

 indicate that a small number of Spanish tuna seiners 

 operated in the Eastern Pacific during the 1970s and 

 1980s.'" Several of these vessels operated under 

 joint-venture arrangements or special "association" 

 contracts provided for under Ecuadorean 

 legislation.'" The major Spanish-Ecuadorean tuna 

 joint venture was Conservas Isabella. Several 

 Ecuadorean companies, such as INEPACA, a U.S. 

 joint venture, contracted with Spanish seiners to 

 fish.''" The Spanish operated with Ecuadorean 

 canners, landing at least part of their catch in 

 Ecuador. The authors, however, have no details on 

 these arrangements. The Inter- American Tropical 

 Tuna Commission reported that the Montedaro, a 

 Spanish-flag purse-seiner, sank in the Eastern 

 Tropical Pacific on July 14, 1993.'" 



 French Guiana: French Guiana offers some 

 limited opportunities for French fishermen as the 

 small local population conducts only limited fisheries. 

 The major resource, shrimp, during the 1970s was 

 harvested primarily by U.S., Japanese, and other 

 foreign fishermen. French and EC authorities during 

 the 1980s gradually reduced foreign licenses and 

 imposed other restrictions on foreign companies as 

 French companies expanded shrimping operations."* 



 Martinique: Martinique and Guadeloupe fishermen 

 so intensively fished the limited local grounds that no 

 opportunities were available for French fishermen. 



28 



