1975; Collins et al. 1975 9 ; Collins 1976; Ebel and 

 Raymond 1976). Ebel (1970) found groups of fall 

 chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, re- 

 leased below Bonneville Dam, had over twice the 

 survival rate to the Columbia River estuary com- 

 pared with a group released above the dam. The 

 low flow of the Columbia River in 1973 caused a 

 particularly serious passage and survival prob- 

 lem for juvenile salmon because most of the river 

 flowed through the turbines at the dams. 10 



A second possible reason for the higher contri- 

 bution of the Youngs Bay release is that the bay 

 may provide a better rearing area than the hatch- 

 ery release site because food is more abundant. A 

 large concentration of the amphipod Corophium 

 salmonis occurs in Youngs Bay, particularly in 

 May, and is a major food item for coho salmon in 

 the bay. 11 Abundant food could have given the 

 Youngs Bay release an initial survival advan- 

 tage. 



Summary 



We conducted this study to confirm previous 

 results on the feasibility of creating or enhancing 

 a fishery in a specific area by releasing hatchery 

 salmon into that area. We compared the location 

 of return and contribution with the Pacific coast 

 fisheries of coho salmon released at two locations 

 on the Columbia River. Two groups each of about 

 100,000 1971-brood coho salmon at Willard Na- 

 tional Fish Hatchery were fin clipped: In May 

 1973 one group was released at Youngs Bay near 

 Astoria, Oreg., and the other at Willard Hatch- 

 ery. Both groups were transported an equal time 

 and distance prior to release to equalize any pos- 

 sible effects of transportation on survival. 



Marine sport and commercial salmon fisheries 

 of the Columbia River and Youngs Bay, as well 



the survival of fish passing through spillways and conduits. 

 Unpubl. manuscr., 144 p. U.S. Army Corps Eng., Portland 

 Dist., Fish Eng. Res. Program. P.O. Box 2946, Portland, OR 

 97208 



9 Collins, G. B., W. J. Ebel. G. E. Monan, H. L. Raymond, and 

 G. K. Tanonaka. 1975. The Snake River salmon and steel- 

 head crisis, its relations to dams and the national energy crisis. 

 Unpubl. manuscr., 30 p. Northwest and Alaska Fish. Cent., 

 Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., 

 Seattle. WA 98112. 



'"Columbia River Fisheries Council. 1978. Recommenda- 

 tions of Columbia River Fisheries Council for in-stream flows 

 in the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Unpubl. manuscr., 24 p. 

 Columbia River Fish. Counc, Suite 1240, Lloyd Bldg., 700 

 N.E. Multnomah St., Portland. OR 97232. 



"Durkin, J. T., S. J. Lipovsky, G. R. Snyder, and M. E. Tut- 

 tle. 197V. Environmental studies of three Columbia River 

 estuarine beaches. Unpubl. manuscr., 78 p. Northwest and 

 Alaska Fish. Cent., Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 2725 Mont- 

 lake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112. 



as Columbia River hatchery returns, were sam- 

 pled for marked coho salmon in 1973 and 1974. 

 Over one-half of both groups of marked fish were 

 caught by Oregon and California marine sport 

 and commercial fishermen. Recoveries of the re- 

 maining marked fish occurred in Washington, 

 Columbia River, and Youngs Bay fisheries. The 

 Youngs Bay release contributed 23 fish/ 1,000 

 releases to the Pacific coast fisheries, and the 

 Willard Hatchery release contributed 5.6 fish/ 

 1,000 releases. The fish homed to the release 

 site with little straying. Only one Youngs Bay 

 release returned to Little White Salmon National 

 Fish Hatchery. 



Acknowledgments 



We thank Ron and Lois Saling, as well as per- 

 sonnel of the Barbey Packing Corporation, New 

 England Fish Company, and Jessie's Ilwaco Fish 

 Company for their cooperation and assistance in 

 conducting this study. Our appreciation is ex- 

 tended to the owners of the Astoria Yacht Club 

 for the use of their boat launch ramp. We are in- 

 debted to the hatchery crew at Willard Hatchery 

 for their assistance with tagging and fish trans- 

 portation operations and the hatchery superin- 

 tendents and personnel at Klaskanine, Big Creek, 

 Elokomin, Grays River, and Little White Salmon 

 Hatcheries for their assistance in examining 

 coho salmon returns for our marked fish. We also 

 thank fishery biologists and samplers in Wash- 

 ington, Oregon, and California for providing re- 

 covery efforts leading to the catch data necessary 

 for this report. Helpful editorial comments were 

 contributed by Reino Koski, Roger Pearson, and 

 Rae Mitsuoka, National Marine Fisheries Ser- 

 vice, and Technical Writer-Editor Mary Lee 

 Sibley-Armour. A special thanks to Alma Follis 

 for help in preparation of the report. 



Literature Cited 



Carlin, B. 



1968. The migration of salmon. In Atlantic Salmon 

 Association Centennial Award Fund, series of lectures, 

 p. 14-22. Atl. Salmon Assoc, Montreal, Que. 

 Collins, G. B. 



1976. Effects of dams on Pacific salmon and steelhead 

 trout. Mar. Fish. Rev. 38(ll):39-46. 

 Cooper, J. C, A. T. Scholz, R. M. Horrall, A. D. Hasler. 

 and D. M. Madison. 



1976. Experimental confirmation of the olfactory hy- 

 pothesis with homing, artificially imprinted coho salm- 

 on (Oncorhynchus kisutch). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 

 33:703-710. 



147 



