June, 1916] A General System of Floral Diagrams 361 



represented by curved lines of uniform thickness. The empty 

 glumes and flowering glumes of grasses, on account of their 

 importance, call for special treatment. The empty glumes are 

 represented simply like a pair of bracts, but the lemma receives 

 a narrow point at the middle projecting outward and the 

 palet two such points, one on either side of the middle and some 

 distance apart. 



In representing spirals no attempt is made to show the 

 "pitch," or irregularities. Only the average number of spirals 

 with the number of parts in each, is shown, as in figures 2 and 3. 

 Usually only one spiral line is drawn, as in Figure 3, which 

 represents a cone with five spirals, with seven carpels in each 

 spiral. Fig. 2 represents a cone with three spirals, each with 

 nine carpels and all spiral lines represented. 



Aside from representing the spiral curves, the diagrams can 

 be made with a pair of compasses and ruler and finished in 

 detail with a pen. Of course, many peculiarities may be 

 added without detracting from the definiteness or clearness 

 of the formal signs. 



Figure 4 represents an ordinary hypogynous, actinomorphic, 

 pentacyclic, trimerous flower with united carpels, like a Yucca or 

 lily. If each petal sign were joined at its ends by a straight 

 line to the sepal sign, the diagram would represent a flower 

 like the lily-of-the- valley (Convallaria) . In general, connecting 

 lines mean union with or position on an organ. 



Figure 5 represents a perigynous, zygomorphic pentacyclic 

 flower with united sepals. The hypanthium is represented by a 

 heavy dotted circle. Sepals, petals and stamens are shown 

 situated upon this by the connecting lines. Nine of the stamen 

 filaments are united, but one is free, showing plainly a dia- 

 delphous andrecium. The single free carpel is represented 

 in the center and the slight adhesion of one pair of petals is 

 shown by a dotted connecting line. In general, it is con- 

 venient for comparison to place all the diagrams with the odd 

 sepal on top. The relation of the flower to the axis of inflores- 

 cence can then be shown by placing the proper sign above or 

 below the diagram. 



Figure 6 represents the diagram of an apple, in which the 

 perigynous hypanthium is grown together with the ovulary. 

 This is represented by filling in the space between the two with 

 dots. The sepals and petals are on the hypanthium and are 



