362 The Ohio Journal of Science [Vol. XVI, No. 8, 



therefore connected with it by Hnes. The stamens are also 

 on the hypanthium and properly should also be connected 

 with it by lines, but as they are sometimes very numerous, 

 these lines may be omitted for convenience; since the position 

 of the stamens between the perianth and the hypanthium 

 necessarily implies that they are situated on the latter organ. 

 The best rule to follow in this respect perhaps is that where the 

 stamen are few in number and the lines can be drawn con- 

 veniently the connections should be made, but where they are 

 very numerous, the connecting lines may be omitted, pro- 

 vided that they are shown with the parts of the perianth. 

 The same procedure would be followed in epigynous types, 

 either with or without hypanthium. 



The epigynous type of flower with an epigynous hypanthium 

 is represented in Figure 7. The representation of this type 

 is the same in general as in the perigynous flower, but the 

 hypanthium is connected with the ovulary wall by lines showing 

 its superior position. The ovulary wall is shown with a heavy 

 line in all epigynous types. This is merely to make the diagram 

 more striking when compared with the hypogynous type and is 

 not absolutely necessary since the epigyny is definitely shown 

 by the connecting lines. Diagram seven represents Fuchsia, 

 the four black oval spots inside of the hypanthium indicating 

 four glands. 



The epigynous flower without hypanthium is shown by 

 figure 8, which represents Houstonia ciliolata. The calyx is 

 composed of united sepals and the corolla of united petals. 

 The stamens are distinct, but their filaments are united with 

 the corolla. This is indicated by the line connecting the 

 anther signs with the corolla sign. The lines connecting the 

 anthers with the ovulary represent the epigyny of the stamens 

 and the same is shown for the calyx and corolla. Extreme 

 reductions and specialization like the pappus of the dandelion 

 may be represented by a circle of dots. 



In many cases it is possible to represent other structural 

 details in connection with the usual floral organs, but nothing 

 should be added that will obscure the real representation of the 

 important and fundamental morphology of the flower. If 

 properly and consistently constructed, such a series of flower 

 diagrams will be found a great aid in any study of comparative 

 morphology or evolutionary series. 



