I04 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. X, No. b, 



south to north a gradual rise is observed. The Putnam Hill 

 affords the best example being found at more points than any of 

 the others. 



It lies at Howenstein at 1051, North Industry 1057, southwest 

 Canton 1075, northwest Canton 1090, Worstler quarry 1120, Wer- 

 ner quarry 1130, and at the Cement Plant at 1143. There is a 

 fall therefore of 92 feet in this stratum from the latter place to 

 Howenstein a distance of about 13 miles, or 7 feet per mile. The 

 same is true of the Vanport which at Howenstein lies at 1086, 

 at Cement Plant at 1 ISO, and a fall of 94 feet or of 7 feet per mile. 



This is not the direction of the greatest dip, however, as will 

 be seen later. 



EASTERN STARK COUNTY. 



Alliance. But few limestone outcrops have been found in the 

 eastern part of the county. The region is deeply drift covered 

 and the strata are concealed for the most part. Two outcrops 

 and two well sections afford the only information at hand on these 

 limestones in that part of the county, and of these the well sec- 

 tions and one outcrop occur at Alliance. This city lies 10 miles 

 east of the Cement Works mentioned above and the strata lie 

 considerably lower at the former place than the latter. The Mid- 

 dle Kittanning coal lies at 1132 feet above sea in the coal shaft 

 near the city Stand Pipe. In a test well drilled by the city 

 on West State Street it lies at 1040, and at the Ely shaft h mile 

 southwest of the Transue-Williams Machine Shops it lies at 1137 

 above sea. The Lower Kittanning coal was formerly mined near 

 the above shops at 1100 above sea as nearly as could be deter- 

 mined. A half mile north of the above shops and the same dis- 

 tance west of the Alliance Cemetery a limestone outcrops on the 

 Ellett farm at lOSl above sea. This is clearly the Vanport but it 

 is closer to the Lower Kittanning coal than at Howenstein. The 

 limestone is exposed in a pit near the Ellett barn and measures 

 5 feet in thickness. No coal but 4 feet of fireclay immediately 

 vmderlies this stratum, and is overlain by 2 to 3 feet of drift. It 

 differs from any other outcrop of limestone found in that it is 

 composed of numerous irregular layers ranging from a fraction of 

 an inch to 4 or 5 inches in thickness. It lifts in broad pieces of a 

 very irregular form, sometimes wedge shaped. The stone is 

 very impure, many of the slabs being a sandstone rather than a 

 limestone and the parting between the slabs is clay or sandy 

 shale. Some layers contain fairly pure limestone of a light blue 

 color and quite compact. The stratum presents an alternation 

 of irregular bands of light blue and brown, the shale and sand- 

 stone portions having the latter color. The stratum at this point 

 seems to have been deposited in shallow water which was some- 

 times quiet and clear and sometimes flowing and muddy thus 



